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We’ve constantly been sharing a list of our recent reads in our weekly emails for The Good Investors.

Do subscribe for our weekly updates through the orange box in the blog (it’s on the side if you’re using a computer, and all the way at the bottom if you’re using mobile) – it’s free!

But since our readership-audience for The Good Investors is wider than our subscriber base, we think sharing the reading list regularly on the blog itself can benefit even more people. The articles we share touch on a wide range of topics, including investing, business, and the world in general.

Here are the articles for the week ending 03 October 2021:

1. Epic Games believes the Internet is broken. This is their blueprint to fix it. – Gene Park

To Epic Games CEO Tim Sweeney, people are tired of how today’s Internet operates. He says the social media era of the Internet, a charge led by Mark Zuckerberg’s Facebook, has separated commerce from the general audience, herding users together and directing them to targets of the company’s choosing rather than allowing free exploration.

“Now we’re in a closed platform wave, and Apple and Google are surfing that wave too,” Sweeney said. “As we get out of this, everybody is going to realize, ‘Okay we spent the last decade being taken advantage of.'”

For years now, he has eyed a solution: the metaverse. And steadily, over several years, Epic has been acquiring a number of assets and making strategic moves with the goal of making Sweeney’s vision for the metaverse a reality.

The simplest way to define the metaverse is as an evolution of how users interact with brands, intellectual properties and each other on the Internet. The metaverse, to Sweeney, would be an expansive, digitized communal space where users can mingle freely with brands and one another in ways that permit self-expression and spark joy. It would be a kind of online playground where users could join friends to play a multiplayer game like Epic’s “Fortnite” one moment, watch a movie via Netflix the next and then bring their friends to test drive a new car that’s crafted exactly the same in the real world as it would be in this virtual one. It would not be, Sweeney said, the manicured, ad-laden news feed presented by platforms like Facebook.

“The metaverse isn’t going to be that,” Sweeney said. “A carmaker who wants to make a presence in the metaverse isn’t going to run ads. They’re going to drop their car into the world in real time and you’ll be able to drive it around. And they’re going to work with lots of content creators with different experiences to ensure their car is playable here and there, and that it’s receiving the attention it deserves.”…

…At the core of Epic’s metaverse vision is a change in how people socialize on the Internet. Sima Sistani, co-founder of the video chat social network Houseparty that was acquired by Epic in 2019, believes interactions will move away from “likes,” comments and posts about people’s personal lives and toward more complex interactions where users share and participate in experiences across various services.

“If the last generation is about sharing, the next generation of social is going to be about participating,” said Sistani, who has held positions at Tumblr and Yahoo before starting Houseparty. “Maybe I didn’t call it the metaverse then, but that’s what it is. It’s people, interactive experiences, coming together and moving from one experience to another, having this shareability to move beyond walled gardens.”

Sistani’s description closely resembles the innate, interactive nature of video games, which offer more ways to engage with brands and other users than simple ad-filled timelines.

“We’ve seen this happen in the past,” Sistani said. “I come from a media background, and people moved from traditional media to social media. And this new generation is moving from social media to games. That’s where they’re having these conversations. That’s where it’s beyond the ‘like,’ beyond the news feed. And that, that’s the metaverse.”

Nowhere has this been more visible in Epic’s portfolio than its flagship title, “Fortnite,” the 100-player, battle royale-style game that surged in popularity in 2018. As The Washington Post reported last year, Epic Games has become a front-runner in creating the metaverse in part thanks to the hundreds of millions of users who log into “Fortnite” every month to create, talk and, of course, shoot each other with digital guns in multiplayer arena combat. The game is a forum in which players interact in real time with intellectual properties from Marvel or Star Wars, one that both pulls from and inspires pop culture. It has even been a showcase for premium consumer goods.

2. The Mystery Man Who Made Amazon an Ad Giant – Sahil Patel and Mark Di Stefano

Paul Kotas may be the most important person in internet advertising that almost nobody in advertising has ever heard of.

Mention Kotas—the leader of Amazon’s burgeoning, multibillion-dollar ad businesses—around ad agencies, as The Information did to more than a half-dozen senior ad executives, and you’ll get blank stares. One of those executives, whose agency will spend between $100 million and $150 million on streaming video ads alone this year with Amazon, Google-stalked Kotas in the middle of a phone interview to see if he could recognize Kotas. He couldn’t…

…Kotas himself seems more than happy to remain anonymous. At least twice in the past, Kotas has made a curious request of his Amazon colleagues before meetings with ad executives: He didn’t want his team to introduce him by his actual title, which is senior vice president, or reveal who he was. Instead, he asked colleagues to tell the clients that he was involved in “product,” according to people who heard those requests.

One explanation for Kotas’ stealthiness is that Amazon, at least in the past, wanted to avoid drawing unnecessary attention to its ad business for as long as possible, according to current and former Amazon executives interviewed by The Information. If competitors like Google grasped how aggressively it was going after the ad business, Amazon executives worried, those rivals might return the favor by pushing harder into Amazon’s core commerce business.

Another person familiar with the matter said Kotas made the requests so he could hear unbiased feedback from ad agencies without his title influencing what they said…

…As Amazon’s ads business grew, so did Kotas’ stature at the company. Initially, he was in charge of product and engineering for advertising at Amazon, with Jeff Blackburn, another longtime executive at the company, overseeing the sales side of the business. But in early 2014, Bezos put Kotas in charge of the entire advertising group. Kotas had been part of Amazon’s S-Team, a group of senior leaders who plot long-term strategy for the company, since 2011. He was elevated to the rank of senior vice president in 2014.

As an engineer, Kotas seems to have a preference for the technical side of digital advertising. At a gathering of Amazon executives in 2017, Kotas was asked what he found the biggest challenge in the ad business. His answer, according to a former Amazon executive who heard the remarks, was to “turn a relationship business into an automation business.”

Around the same time, though, Amazon ad sales executives realized they needed to invest more, not less, in the relationship side of their business. This required assigning someone to build out a team focused on working with and interacting with ad agencies, which control many big marketers’ ad budgets.

Seth Dallaire, Amazon’s vice president of global ad sales at the time, appointed Ryan Mayward to the task of starting an agency-partnership program and team. While Kotas signed off on Mayward’s appointment, he remained on the fence about the initiative until Mayward made a more comprehensive proposal for why it required such a large team, said a person familiar with the Amazon ad team’s discussions at the time. The reason for the hesitation: Kotas and Amazon’s ad team preferred to work directly with brands whenever possible, and they required convincing that the approach needed to change to keep ad revenue growing.

Eventually, Kotas came around to the plan for the ad agency team.

Over time, the company’s ad business grew into one of its most lucrative new efforts in years. In 2015, Amazon’s “other” segment had just over $1 billion in revenue. Last year, it brought in more than $21 billion.

3. The Tesla ‘Bubble Or Not’ Debate – Tom Lauricella, Catherine Wood, Daniel, Needham, and Rob Arnott

Needham: You made a very strong case for electric vehicles. Why will Tesla be the one that benefits from that? Why won’t the more traditional autos or the many other electric vehicle manufacturers capture that trend?

Wood: The traditional auto manufacturers had to make or have to make a major leap.  The vast majority of their sales today are gas-powered vehicles. They need to transition to electric. Tesla’s already started electric and has four major barriers to entry–has created four major barriers to entry. One, battery costs. It built its cars on cylindrical batteries. Most other auto manufacturers base their cars on lithium-ion pouch batteries. The costs of lithium-ion pouch are much higher today–I think roughly 15%, 20%–than the cylindrical batteries that Tesla uses.

The second barrier to entry is the artificial-intelligence chip that Tesla designed. Now, Tesla is taking a leaf from Apple’s book. As you will remember, Apple created the concept of a smartphone. It believed that we would have a computer in our pocket. Nokia, Motorola, and Ericsson did not believe that. They did not design their own chips.  And you know where they are today.

The other barrier to entry is the number of real-world miles driven that Tesla has collected. It has more than a million robots out there collecting data and sending it back every day.  My car is one of them. Therefore, it is able to discern corner cases and design its full self-driving system to incorporate these corner cases in a way that other auto manufacturers cannot.

And then the fourth barrier to entry–and it surprised me this one lasted as long, but I guess the dealer system was the reason–Tesla is still the only car doing over-the-air software updates to improve performance and prevent breakdowns.

Those four barriers to entry we believe have put Tesla ahead, and we think the distance actually is increasing.

Needham: Rob? You’ve got some opinions on electric vehicles and also Tesla.

Arnott: I certainly do. We wrote a paper earlier this year called “The Big Market Delusion,” which looked at industries that are up and coming that are disruptive. Kudos to Cathie on looking for disruptors. They’re very, very important. But disruptors get disrupted, and I’ll come back to that in a minute.

The thing that we found very interesting is you find these cases in the Internet bubble, in the supercomputer bubble in the early ’80s–the list goes on and on–where every company in the industry is priced at lofty multiples, as if they’re all going to succeed.  Yet they’re competing against one another, so there will be winners and losers. And the market’s pricing things as if they’re all going to be winners.

I mentioned disruptors get disrupted. Palm was spun off from 3Com back in the year 2000 and had an initial value that was more than 3Com was valued at before the spin-off, and within a day or two was worth more than General Motors. Palm was disrupted. BlackBerry came along with a better product. BlackBerry was disrupted. Apple came along with a better product.

So, what we find is again and again: Disruptors are massively important to the economy and to economic growth. But you have to look at (a) how disruptive are they, (b) how much of a premium are you paying for that disruption, and (c) are they vulnerable to being disrupted themselves?…

…Needham: So there’s upside there. Maybe, Rob, just on to the fundamentals, I’m going to use a quote from a very well-known value investor, Warren Buffett. He said, “Beware of past performance proofs in finance. If history books were the key to riches, the Forbes 400 list would be full of librarians.”

Your approach is very much geared in looking at historical fundamentals and relying on some of those relationships to hold. So, how do you think about some of these disruptive elements when you’re building a strategy based off historical fundamentals or making assumptions about fundamentals?

Arnott: A lot of our work is based on mean reversion. Cathie alluded to mean reversion valuation multiples for the disruptors. Mean reversion is the most powerful factor at work in the capital markets. It shows up on earnings growth. When you have very rapid earnings growth, it tends to mean-revert down. When you have tanking earnings, it tends to mean-revert up. Not in all cases. There are value traps.

So when you’re looking at a whole spectrum of disruptive companies, there will be some that turn out to be spectacular. Go back to the first tech bubble. How many of the 10 largest market-cap tech stocks in the market in the year 2000 outperformed the market over the next 10 years? Zero. Not one. How many outperformed over the next 20 years? One, Microsoft. What about Amazon and Apple? They weren’t anywhere near the top 10. They were bubbling up from underneath, and in the case of Apple, was perceived to be poised of the brink of ruin.

So what you find is that when you have bubbles, and bubbles can appear anywhere–I’ll come back to a definition for them in just a moment–when you have bubbles, they tend to burst. Our definition for a bubble is a very simple one. If you’re using a discounted cash flow model or some other valuation model, you’d have to use implausible assumptions to justify today’s price. We plugged in 50% growth for 10 years for Tesla, assumed profitability matching the best of any automaker–and that may be the wrong choice, but the best of any automaker of any single year of the last 10 years–and we came up with a net present value of 430 bucks. I view 50% growth as implausible. Cathie does not. So I view Tesla as a bubble. Cathie does not.

But two things are interesting about bubbles. One, they can go much further and last much longer than any skeptic would expect. So be very careful about short-selling bubbles. You can make a ton of money if you have a good exit strategy.

The second observation about bubbles is that implausible growth assumptions doesn’t mean impossible. Amazon in the year 2000 would have qualified for my definition of a bubble, because you’d have to use extreme growth to justify the then-current price. Amazon was a terrible investment in the 2000s, got it all back with room to spare in the 2010s. And in the 2010s, it grew 26%, 27% per annum, which was enough to make it 11 times as large as it was 10 years previous–11-fold growth.

Now, to justify Tesla’s current price, you’d have to assume roughly 50-fold growth over the next 10 years. Is that impossible? No, anything is possible. Do you believe it’s plausible? I don’t. So I view it as a bubble. And as with Amazon in the year 2000, I could be proven wrong. But as with Amazon in the year 2000, you might have to wait a while for the market to catch up to the actual growth opportunities if they are as extravagant as Cathie says.

4. Evergrande’s Fall Shows How Xi Has Created a China Crisis – Niall Ferguson

A major mistake of the Cold War was the tendency of Western observers to overestimate the Soviet Union. I have often wondered if the same mistake is being repeated with the People’s Republic of China. Then again, for every article over the last 10 years that predicted China’s economy would overtake that of the U.S., there were at least two prophesying a “China crisis.”…

…Will China surpass America? No, I don’t think so. Nearly three years ago, in the heat of a lively debate in Seoul, I bet the Chinese economist Justin Yifu Lin 20,000 yuan (roughly $3,000) that China’s economy — defined as GDP in current dollars — would not overtake that of the U.S. in the next 20 years. I am sticking with that bet, even if the Lehman Moment for the Chinese financial system never comes. Here’s why.

Let’s begin by recalling how many experts believed the Soviets would overtake America. In successive editions, the economist Paul Samuelson’s hugely influential economics textbook carried a chart projecting that the gross national product of the Soviet Union would exceed that of the U.S. at some point between 1984 and 1997. The 1967 edition suggested that the great overtaking could happen as early as 1977. By the 1980 edition, the time frame had been moved forward to 2002-2012. The graph was quietly dropped after that.

Samuelson was by no means the only American scholar to make this mistake. A late as 1984, Harvard’s liberal guru John Kenneth Galbraith could still insist that “the Russian system succeeds because, in contrast with the Western industrial economies, it makes full use of its manpower.” Economists who discerned the miserable realities of the planned economy, such as G. Warren Nutter of the University of Virginia, were few and far between — almost as rare as historians, such as Robert Conquest, who grasped the enormity of the Soviet system’s crimes against its own citizens.

We know now how wrong Samuelson, Galbraith et al. were. After 1945, according to the late Angus Maddison’s estimates, the Soviet economy was never more than 44% the size of that of the U.S. By 1991, Soviet GDP was less than a third of U.S. GDP.

China has of course learned lessons from the Soviet experience. Beginning in the late 1970s with Deng Xiaoping, China’s leaders understood that the Communist Party could harness market forces for the perpetuation of their own power, but they must never relax the party’s political grip. If there is one thing the CCP can be relied on never to produce, it is a Chinese Mikhail Gorbachev.

In the same way, the Chinese have learned from the American experience. I remember vividly how, in the wake of the 2008 collapse of Lehman Brothers, eminent Chinese economists visited Harvard (where I taught at the time) and doubtless many other institutions to research the causes of the global financial crisis. Somewhere in President Xi Jinping’s office there must be a copy of the report they subsequently wrote. If there is another thing the CCP can be relied on never to produce, it is a Chinese Lehman Moment.

Yet, as the great English historian A.J.P. Taylor once observed of the French Emperor Napoleon III, he “learned from the mistakes of the past how to make new ones.” As I contemplate Xi, I find myself wondering if the Communist Party has inadvertently produced a Chinese version of Napoleon III, whose reign was also marked by rampant real estate development. (The Paris you see today was in large measure the achievement of his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugene Haussmann.)…

…The People’s Bank of China has already taken action. On Thursday, it sought to alleviate the financial stress with the equivalent of $17 billion in the form of seven- and 14-day reverse repurchase agreements, its largest open-market operation since January. Evergrande shares in Hong Kong duly rallied. Crisis over. Stand down the plunge protection team.

All this goes to show that a Lehman Moment was never in the cards. China’s state-controlled financial system has state-controlled crises, which are targeted at particular firms “pour encourager les autres”— not to trigger the kind of generalized bank run that drove the global financial system to the point of collapse in the winter of 2008-2009.

Nevertheless, it is possible to avoid financial contagion without necessarily avoiding a more insidious macroeconomic contagion. As the Harvard economist Ken Rogoff showed last year in a paper co-authored with Yuanchen Yang of Beijing’s Tsinghua University, real estate plays an even bigger role in China’s economy today than it did in the U.S. economy on the eve of the financial crisis. The impact of real estate-related activities amounted to 18.9% of U.S. GDP in 2005, its pre-crisis peak. The equivalent figure for China in 2016 was 28.7%. None of the 10 other countries in their sample come close, except Spain on the eve of the financial crisis (28.7% in 2006).

The detail is eye-popping. In all, around 27% of Chinese bank loans come from the real estate sector. Real estate is the main form of collateral for loan securitization. In 2017, almost 18% of the urban labor force was employed in real estate and related industries. In 2018, the sale of land by local governments accounted for as much as 35% of their revenues.

Much as happened in Japan in the housing bubble of the late 1980s, the market value of China’s housing stock is now more than double that of the U.S. and triple that of Europe. This means that housing wealth forms a significantly larger share of overall assets in China (78%) than it does in the U.S. (35%). Rogoff and Yang conclude that Chinese households’ consumption is therefore “significantly more sensitive to a decline in housing prices” than that of their American and Japanese counterparts. A “20% fall in real estate activity could lead to a 5-10% fall in GDP, even without amplification from a banking crisis, or accounting for the importance of real estate as collateral.”

To put it simply, China’s growth has been boosted for many years by the construction of an excess supply of housing units. This has been financed by an unsustainable mountain of debt. As the Beijing-based economist Michael Pettis noted last week, “China’s official debt-to-GDP ratio has soared by nearly 45 percentage points in the past five years, leaving it with among the highest debt ratios for any developing country in history.”

5. Dangerous Feelings – Morgan Housel

The feeling of mastering a topic, particularly if that topic adapts and evolves.

The first law of hard work is that you expect there to be a payoff. How could it be any other way?

But a dangerous feeling occurs when you want the payoff of years of hard work to be an assumption that you’ve mastered a topic. Or that you don’t need to update your views because you already spent years of hard work learning those views.

You see it all the time in so many industries. Veterans fall behind the younger generation because if veterans admitted that they had to adapt to what the younger generation is doing they’d feel like the hard work they put over their career was for nothing.

Even if you know your field evolves, the idea that what you learned in the past may no longer be relevant is so painful that it’s easy to reject. The longer you’ve been in a field the truer that becomes. It’s hard for a 50-year veteran to admit that a rookie might know as much as he does. But if what the veteran learned 30 or 40 years ago is no longer relevant, it can be true. And the rookie may be more aware of what he doesn’t know, while the veteran is iron-clad sure of his beliefs because he’s worked hard and expects a payoff.

Some things never change, and learning them in one era can help you in the next. But the more your field evolves – the more it involves people’s decisions – the smaller that set of learnings is, and the more you need to fight the urge to think that your long-term experience means you now permanently understand how the field works.

6. Axie Infinity faces big test as player earnings fall – Derek Lim

Lately, things have not been great for many Axie Infinity players, most of whom play the game solely to make money.

The value of small love potions or SLP, the in-game currency that players exchange for cash, has plunged from US$0.35 in mid-July to the current price of US$0.059. Prices have not recovered despite recent tweaks to the game’s economy.

“Earning US$100 every 15 days is not that substantial at all,” says Peter Villagracia, an independent Filipino Axie Infinity “scholar” who used to earn more than twice that figure in the same amount of time. Scholars are players who can’t afford to own axies – the digital monsters in the game – so they rent them from “managers” under a profit-sharing model.

For Althea Torres, another independent Filipino scholar and a single mother of three children who relies on the game to support her family, the change is more drastic.

She began playing Axie Infinity full time at the start of May 2021 because it allowed her to bring in more money while spending more time with her children. Before that, she was working at a small roadside vegetable and fruit stall, earning between US$5 to US$7 daily for a hard day’s work. At the game’s peak, she could make between US$15 US$20 per day, but now she only gets around US$6 a day.

“I didn’t realize it, but this game became such a huge part of my life. In fact, it became my only source of income because other jobs just couldn’t match what I was earning while playing Axie,” she tells Tech in Asia.

Torres adds: “When the price of SLP fell, it became really hard for me to survive because my earning power dropped by so much. I have to pay rent, feed four people every day, and buy other necessities that we have to use in our daily lives. It’s scary because I don’t know how I am going to keep providing all these for them.”..

…As we discussed before, the health of the game really hinges on balancing supply and demand for SLP.

When the supply of SLP outstrips the demand, the token will likely lose its value, causing a downward spiral as players are no longer as motivated to play the game.

It seems that this scenario is playing itself out right now, with far more SLPs being minted than burned. “Burning” refers to the act of spending the tokens, which then results in the tokens being deleted forever.

“Because of the fact that breeding has always been so profitable, managers will simply keep breeding axies to maximize their profits, before allocating bred axies to scholars who will then mint even more SLP with them,” a manager who wanted to be called by the moniker Precision tells Tech in Asia. “This will really cause the supply of SLP to grow exponentially because almost every manager will be doing this.”

It seems that this delicate balance between supply and demand was not achieved. As Precision observes, “The value of battle gameplay here is eroded through a lack of burn channels, as well as a flawed game design that doesn’t create enough demand for SLP.”

The manager adds: “The game’s initial failure at preventing bots and whales from farming SLP at an incredible rate is also a factor in my opinion, because this caused a huge pump of the supply of SLP.”

Demand for SLP is created simply by giving players more ways to spend or burn them.

“I think the main problem really lies in the fact that there has been no expansion or extension of the current gameplay to give SLP more intrinsic value. Right now, it only really has one use case, which is to breed axies, so the whole ecosystem is fragile,” notes Coby Lim, co-founder of crypto startup Fincade who’s also an Axie manager.

“Sure, everything takes time, but I think this should have been factored in and prioritized by the team from the start. They must have seen it coming,” he says…

…Axie Infinity is a double-edged sword for many of its Filipino players, who make up a huge proportion of the metaverse. On the one hand, it provides them with an alternative income. On the other, this may create an unhealthy dependence that puts them at the mercy of the game’s developers.

Because managers are incentivized to bring in as many scholars as possible, scholars may not be aware that the income they’ve earned in the past may not hold steady in the future.

Furthermore, while managers can simply write off their losses and invest in something else, scholars rely heavily on the value of SLP to survive on a day-to-day basis.

Axie manager Chew argues that the long-term viability of the game’s model needs to be scrutinized.

“Yes, it is admirable that the founders have [changed] the lives of many by [helping them] bring food to the table. But I feel that the main question that they should be asking themselves right now should be how and whether this model can be made sustainable in the long term,” he says.

“They may be trying to do that, but I think for many of us who are watching keenly, it doesn’t seem to be going down that road, and that spells trouble for these people who really need the game to be [sustainable].”

7. Scaling to $100 Million – Mary D’Onofrio and Ethan Ding

When it comes to building and scaling a cloud business, founders, CEOs, CFOs, and board members alike want to know what “typical” and “best-in-class” look like. Leaders, like you, want to model their businesses around these benchmarks to achieve their goals.

There is a problem, though. Private market financial benchmarks are some of the most elusive financial data points in the world. They are also some of the most helpful. If you’re a cloud startup seeking to emulate the success of companies like Shopify, Procore, and Twilio, understanding how your predecessors grew and achieved key milestones is a critical part of the equation. But not everyone has access to this type of information. Private companies lack reporting requirements that would make their benchmarks known, and backers of private companies hold their portfolio company information close to the chest. Considering these factors, only the highest-flying, venture-backed companies have the opportunity to learn from the stories of the past, leaving other startups at an inherent disadvantage—until now!

We’re releasing “Scaling to $100 Million” as the industry’s definitive benchmarking report for cloud companies looking to scale to new heights. For more than a decade, Bessemer has made over 200 cloud investments and has one of the largest cloud portfolios of any venture firm in the world.* As we share this information with leaders like you, we hope this body of analysis proves to be a valuable resource for what growing your cloud business looks like at every stage…

…Examining Bessemer’s cloud portfolio over the last decade, we find that the expected growth rate for companies decreases over time, as it is easier to grow at a higher rate on a smaller base of revenue and the marginal dollar is always harder to acquire. The average growth rate for companies between $1-10MM of ARR was nearly 200%, and this average decreases to 60% for companies over $50MM of ARR. We also find that the middle 50% of cloud companies have a tighter and tighter band of growth rates as ARR scale increases: the middle 50% of companies from $1-10MM of ARR are growing from 100-230% while the middle 50% of companies from $50MM+ of ARR are growing from 35-80%.

While there is some selection bias for companies that are at the higher ends of the ARR range (the companies that make it to that scale are the most successful ones), an important note is that average growth rates continue at high rates, even at scale. We find that this tends to happen because of two reasons.

First, by $50MM or $100MM of ARR, the Cloud Giants are crowned. Given the virtuous cycle of market leadership, the leaders that emerge are able to further consolidate their markets, accelerating growth. For example, when Bessemer first funded PagerDuty in its Series B in 2014, it was at $12MM of ARR and had material competition from VictorOps, OpsGenie, and xMatters. By the time PagerDuty crossed $100MM of ARR in 2018, all of these competitors had either been acquired or fell behind, leaving PagerDuty as the only true standalone company in the incidence response category and allowing it to capture more of the pie.

Second, market leaders tend to accelerate their growth and expand their total addressable markets (TAM) by adding “Second Act” products, so even if there is growth decay in the core product, there are constant second, third, and even fourth winds behind company growth as a whole. Cloud leaders tend to be multi-product companies. For example, our portfolio company Toast has successfully layered Payments and Capital onto its already-large point of sale (POS) business.

Examining our cloud company data, we also note that it is very rare to see a best-in-class growth rate company quickly devolve into a laggard. Similarly, it is very rare to see a mediocre grower evolve into a high-grower…

…Cutting the data by industry rather than ARR range, we find that gross retention largely hovers in a similar range but net retention varies much more across industries. Developer tools have the greatest average and median net retention rates across our portfolio, in line with what we would expect from a bottoms-up sales strategy that expands seat count and usage as it permeates an org. Collaboration software shows a similar dynamic. Though there are exceptions, industries such as sales and marketing software, customer experience software, and finance / legal tech tend to have lower net retention, likely because land ACVs are higher and expansion over time is lower (often these tools sell a complete platform, rather than individual seats or usage tiers)…

…The beauty of software is that there is practically $0 marginal cost to replicate and distribute it. Gross margin, a company’s revenue after the cost of goods sold (or gross profit) divided by revenue, is an incredibly important metric for cloud companies because it measures the effectiveness with which companies can deliver their software to their customers. The aim is to make it as high as possible, reflecting the lowest marginal cost. A high gross margin means that a cloud company can invest more into operating expenses rather than product delivery, leading to more selling, product iteration, and ultimately, growth. Typical expenses that you will find in COGS for cloud companies are hosting costs, software implementation costs, and services costs, including customer success—these are all variable costs.

Given that the marginal cost for delivering software should be very low, investors expect gross margins for cloud companies to stay within a fairly tight band. It is perhaps the only operating or cost metric that has very little wiggle room—the average gross margin for a cloud business regardless of maturity is 65-70%, and the distribution of the middle 50% stays within ~60-80%.

That said, some of the strongest cloud companies in our portfolio have been ones with gross margins below that range. For example, throughout much of its life in the Bessemer portfolio since the seed round in 2009, Twilio’s gross margin was ~50%, which accounted for the fact that it had to pay telecom service providers in its COGS. Twilio continues to be one of the strongest BVP Nasdaq Emerging Cloud Index performers today with a market capitalization of over $60 billion…

…When looking at burn for a cloud business, we want to consider it in the context of growth. Burning $100MM a year sounds high, but what if a company burned $100MM and added $1 billion of net new ARR? In that context, it doesn’t sound so bad. As this hypothetical suggests, investors look at the cash consumption of a business relative to the revenue that it generates, which is why the efficiency score becomes a helpful metric. Efficiency score equals FCF margin of ARR plus ARR year-over-year growth rate—as such it helps to show the tradeoffs between growth and profitability, but it is generally only applicable after achieving $25MM+ of ARR (before which revenue bases are too small for it to be meaningful). We encourage Bessemer portfolio companies to target 70% efficiency scores between $25-50MM of ARR, and a slightly lower 50% at $100MM+ as YoY growth rate drops off dramatically and companies find the right balance of profitability against a “grow-at-all-costs” model.

Efficiency score = FCF margin of ARR + ARR YoY Growth Rate

Younger companies tend to have higher growth rates and higher burn rates, and companies at maturity have lower growth rates and lower burn (and sometimes cash flow positivity). The “Rule of 40” is often referenced—that companies should have efficiency scores of 40%+ – but the average BVP Nasdaq Emerging Cloud Index efficiency score is actually closer to 50%, anchored up by the likes of Zoom, Shopify, Datadog, Crowdstrike, and other high performers. For example, even at over $3.8 billion of LTM revenue, Shopify is still growing ~60% YoY with ~10% FCF margins for an efficiency score of close to 70%.

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Disclaimer: The Good Investors is the personal investing blog of two simple guys who are passionate about educating Singaporeans about stock market investing. By using this Site, you specifically agree that none of the information provided constitutes financial, investment, or other professional advice. It is only intended to provide education. Speak with a professional before making important decisions about your money, your professional life, or even your personal life. Of all the companies mentioned, we currently have a vested interest in Alphabet (parent of Google), Amazon, Apple, Datadog, Facebook, Shopify, Tesla, Twilio, Zoom. Holdings are subject to change at any time.

We’ve constantly been sharing a list of our recent reads in our weekly emails for The Good Investors.

Do subscribe for our weekly updates through the orange box in the blog (it’s on the side if you’re using a computer, and all the way at the bottom if you’re using mobile) – it’s free!

But since our readership-audience for The Good Investors is wider than our subscriber base, we think sharing the reading list regularly on the blog itself can benefit even more people. The articles we share touch on a wide range of topics, including investing, business, and the world in general.

Here are the articles for the week ending 26 September 2021:

1. What Does Evergrande Meltdown Mean for China? – Michael Pettis

Policymakers in Beijing are in a tough position on what to do about Evergrande, the Chinese property developer whose slow collapse has transfixed the markets. Evergrande is the most-indebted property developer in the world. Its on-balance-sheet liabilities amount to nearly 2 percent of China’s annual GDP, and its off-balance-sheet obligations add up to as much as another 1 percent.

This wouldn’t be as much of a problem if Chinese property developers, state-owned enterprises, local governments, and even ordinary households did not all have excessively high debt levels. But because the Chinese economy has long been plagued by debt problems and moral hazard, the situation will be much more difficult for regulators to sort out…

…It is easy to understand why policymakers have been so worried about real estate debt—and debt in general. China’s official debt-to-GDP ratio has soared by nearly 45 percentage points in the past five years, leaving it with among the highest debt ratios for any developing country in history. The property sector is notorious for its addiction to debt. This addiction has expressed itself not just in borrowing from banks and bond markets but in a variety of other ways. Property developers regularly presold apartments to homebuyers many months or even years in advance, for which they received the full price or at least a substantial deposit. They paid off contractors and suppliers with commercial paper and receivables instead of cash. Their financing arms even sold credit products known as wealth management products to retail investors—mainly, it seems, to employees of the borrowing companies, their banks, and their suppliers.

All this borrowing has enabled the property sector to become one of the main engines of economic activity for the Chinese economy, accounting for as much as 25 percent of the country’s GDP (considerably higher than is typical in other countries). But this borrowing spree has also helped stoke a substantial real estate bubble in a country in which housing prices are several times higher, relative to household income, than they are in the United States or other major economies. Perhaps worse, the property bubble has resulted in a lot of empty homes and apartments—between one-fifth and one-quarter of the total housing stock, especially in more desirable cities—owned by speculative buyers who have no interest in either moving in or renting out. Empty housing creates no economic value, even if it incurs a significant economic cost.

By clamping down on leverage among property developers, Beijing was hoping to accomplish at least two things. First, this measure was intended directly to address surging debt among one of the most indebted sectors in China’s economy. Second, the hope was it would help stabilize the housing market by constraining what regulators believed was one of the sources of speculative frenzy, the debt-fueled competition among developers to scoop up as much land as possible.

Borrowing for large Chinese companies like Evergrande had never been a problem in the past. It was widely assumed they would never be allowed to default on their obligations. Local governments and regulators were expected always to step in at the last minute to restructure liabilities and recapitalize the borrower if necessary. As a result, there was very little credit differentiation in the lending markets. Banks, insurance companies, and bond funds fell over each other to lend to large, systemically important borrowers. Moral hazard, in other words, underpinned the entire credit market.

That is why Chinese regulators have decided to have a showdown with creditors over Evergrande. By convincing lenders that they will no longer stand behind large Chinese borrowers, they are trying to transform the country’s financial system by making Chinese lenders more reluctant to fund nonproductive investment projects. These projects generate what Chinese leader Xi Jinping, in an important recent essay for Qiushi (the leading official theoretical journal of the Chinese Communist Party) disparaged as “fictional growth,” in contrast to the “genuine growth” he called for.

2. Aleksander Larsen, Stephen McKeon – Sky Mavis: The Builders behind Axie Infinity – Patrick O’Shaughnessy, Aleksander Larsen, and Stephen McKeon

Patrick: [00:04:01] I think I have to ask very early on the big and important question, which is just around the simple model of the game itself. The term that we’re probably going to use a bunch is play to earn, and that’s very different than past business models around video games, so we’ll keep it pretty simple there. Can you just describe how you think about what play to earn means very specifically, how it means money flows through the Axie Infinity ecosystem?

Aleksander: [00:04:26] When we think about gaming and how that works, generally the game studio has captured all of the value inside of these digital ecosystems that have being created. In Axie Infinity, we see things a little bit differently, thus the term play to earn, where we are rewarding players for the time spent inside of the game and for the value that they add to the ecosystem. So when you play Axie, you can farm various resources and then you can sell them on an open marketplace on Ethereum. As long as there is demand for that assets, well, then you can basically turn your time into money like that.

Patrick: [00:05:02] Could you describe, just probably almost everyone listening will probably have a kid or a nephew or niece or something that plays some game that probably is similar enough to how Axie actually works to understand what’s happening here. Maybe Pokemon is the right analogy or something. Just describe the actual interaction of the game being played, because at the end of the day, people are playing a game here. That’s the reason that we’re here. So just describe kind of how it works and how it feels.

Aleksander: [00:05:24] At a very high level, you have your cute Axie game characters that can be used in different games. Some of the games we create as a core team. That would be the one that’s most popular right now is the Axie Infinity battle game, where you have a team of three Axies and you battle against either an opponent in a player versus player environment, or you can go travel on adventures and be various creatures and then advance like that, so a player versus enemy environment.

As you go deeper, you realize what makes this valuable is actually the connection with how the entire economy works. So for example, when you want to buy a new Axie character, that’s not something that we as a main game studio is selling. You actually have to buy from other players, and then we, as a game studio, we make money whenever there’s a transaction that’s happening on our marketplace.

Another way for us to make money is whenever a new Axie is being generated or bred into existence, in that transaction, there is a two part thing that’s happening. The first one would be that the players have to use a resource that they can only find inside the game, and on the other side, you have what they have to pay to the game studio, which is our take rates. And I think that’s a theme that we probably are going to go a little bit deeper into into this conversation because it’s very related to how the play to earn ecosystems will develop over time.

So in our take rate, what we take from the economy on the marketplace side, that’s about 4.25%, and whenever an Axie is being bred right now, it’s about 80% that we get. So that’s why you get these massive amounts of revenue. So some more numbers here, in January, we had about $100,000 in revenue. In July, it was $196 million, and in August, it was about $370 million. So, so far, in September, it’s generated a little bit over $70 million…

…Patrick: [01:01:08] You did my job for me, the perfect transition to the investor’s perspective with Stephen. I think Stephen, the most interesting thing from my perspective, thinking back to the original investment is for you to just outline how you think the world is changing that makes companies like this and assets like this interesting in the first place. And I’ll let you lead us here. Whether it’s the notion of ownership, the notion of the metaverse, the notion of where people spend their time, what are the big, important aspects that made you interested in the first place and keep you interested in other opportunities like this one?

Stephen: [01:01:38] The key feature to understand here is just this idea that the assets live independently or exist independently from the interface. And it’s sort of like a huge theme in crypto. So let me draw an analogy to equities. Let’s say I have 100 shares of Tesla and I hold those at Merrill Lynch. Well, I can’t decide this afternoon that I actually want to interact with those assets through Robin Hood or Schwab or some other interface. They are cost to be by Merrill Lynch. There’s of course a big process to move them over to a different interface.

That’s not true in crypto. So if I have a wallet, I could interact with it using Metamask, which is one interface on my desktop. And then five minutes later, I could interact with those same assets in my wallet using Rainbow, like a Rainbow app on my phone. And so this idea that the assets are custody by the user and can exist independently, you can interact with those through different interfaces. It’s just this really powerful concept.

And so if you take it to gaming, it’s even worse because not only can you not interact with those assets using say different games, you don’t even own those assets. We realized that that was just this enormous opportunity that if you think of the big picture as like same assets, different interfaces, where the assets are not tied to the interface that problem was most extreme within gaming, because the end game assets are almost always tied to the interface. So they’re not portable. You don’t have custody of the assets, you don’t own the assets. So if I spend a bunch of money on skins and a character in Fortnite, I can now take that character and sell it or I can’t take it and play it somewhere else.

So I think this is where NFT games like Axie are so revolutionary. The asset, as we’ve discussed is owned by the user, and sort of exists independently from the game. So as Alex mentioned, there are new games that could spin up that could use those same characters, which is then going to drive further demand for Axie. Those games could be developed by Sky Mavis. They could potentially be developed by others, maybe on land in Lunacia. And so it really does start to look more like an ecosystem where the players are invested literally by owning the characters, which then might have applications through multiple interfaces or multiple games. And so I think that was the piece that was sort of most exciting to us.

3. History’s Seductive Beliefs – Morgan Housel

An assumption that your view of the world is the view of the world, and a belief that what you’ve seen and experienced are the sights and experiences that explain how the world works.

Harry Truman once said:

The next generation never learns anything from the previous one until it’s brought home with a hammer … I’ve wondered why the next generation can’t profit from the generation before, but they never do until they get knocked in the head by experience.

Here’s at least one reason why: No lesson is more persuasive than the one you’ve personally experienced.

You can try to be empathetic and open-minded to other people’s lives, but when you’re trying to figure out how the world works nothing makes more sense than the unique circumstances of what you’ve lived through firsthand.

And the idea that you’ve never seen or experienced 99.999% of what’s happened in the world is hard to swallow because it’s intimidating to admit how little you know.

A more comforting story is convincing yourself that what you’ve experienced is the story of how the world works. This is how your career went, so that’s how economics works. These policies benefited you, so this is how politics works. You think what you’ve seen is a reflection of how the world works. What could be more seductive? Yet given how oblivious everyone is to the majority of experiences, what could be more wrong?

So everyone goes through life a little blind to the lessons that have already been learned by other people.

And it goes well beyond generations: There are massive experience gaps between different nations, socioeconomic classes, races, industries, religions, educations, on and on.

The person who grew up in poverty thinks about risk and reward in ways the child of a wealthy banker cannot fathom if he tried.

The person who grew up when inflation was high is scared in a way the person who grew up with stable prices isn’t.

The stockbroker who lost everything during the Great Depression experienced something the tech worker basking in the glory of the late 1990s can’t imagine.

The Australian who went 30 years without a recession has experienced something no American ever has.

It leads to all kinds of issues.

One is that we’re constantly surprised by events that have been happening forever.

Another is that it’s hard to distinguish people who have experienced something you haven’t from people who aren’t smart enough to understand your experiences.

A third is that topics like risk, greed, and fear are not the kinds of things that we can learn about and master as a society, like we did with, say, agriculture. As Michael Batnick says, “some lessons have to be experienced before they can be understood.” Every generation has to learn on its own, over and over.

The question, “Why don’t you agree with me?” can have infinite answers.

But usually a better question is, “What have you experienced that I haven’t that would make you believe what you do? And would I think about the world like you do if I experienced what you have?”

4. Toast Memo – Bessemer Venture Partners

We recommend a $17.5M investment in the $24M first institutional round of Toast, a Boston based company selling restaurant point of sale (POS) software. Our $17.5M will purchase 14.3% FD ownership and will see a 2X return at a $150M exit and a 2.5X return at a $210M exit. Our hope, of course, is that Toast will use what we believe is a meaningful product advantage to grab a large share of the 1M restaurants who will transition to cloud based POS in the coming decade. The benefit of a massive market is that with a little more than 1% market penetration Toast could be a $100M revenue company…

…Toast offers a cloud-based system to quick serve (QSRs) and full service restaurants (FSRs), with a modular all-in-one restaurant management platform encompassing POS, payments, operations management, online ordering, self-serve kiosk ordering and checkout, inventory management, loyalty program management, gifting and myriad other restaurant needs (much of this is live today, although there may be a >5 year roadmap with endless product features ahead). Toast’s Android tablet-based cloud solution is beating out other new systems head to head and more impressively attacking on prem proprietary hardware incumbents Micros and NCR, who together make up 50% of the market.

While there are a handful of “next gen” players attacking this market, we believe that Toast has a significant early advantage. First off, the sheer amount of software the team has built in a short span is impressive – feature for feature they are already much more in the class of the >20 year old enterprise systems than the next gen “Bistro” players, and so for restaurants with any level of sophisticated feature requirements they win easily. But beyond just being very good at building good product quickly, the company also made two smart choices that sets them apart from the other players.

First, while competitors have almost all built on iPads/iOS, Toast’s Android-based architecture allows restaurants to be much more flexible in their hardware choices (iPads are simply not enterprise grade and come in far fewer form factors than Android), has fewer software versioning issues than iOS and the upfront hardware costs are cheaper.

Second, Toast also did real work to build out transaction processing capability, which lets them subsidize their fees by operating as a transaction processor (they simply match current restaurant rates and almost always win the transaction business without objection.) This allows Toast to price competitively and earn a much higher margin than competitors head-to-head.Despite what we think is an early lead, Toast’s product is still very immature, and every day they roll out new features like online ordering and inventory management (a $75 / mo upsell they introduced in October to 10% immediate adoption.)

5. Cover Story: How Evergrande Could Turn Into ‘China’s Lehman Brothers’ – Wang Jing, Chen Bo, Yu Ning, Zhu Liangtao, Wang Juanjuan, Zhou Wenmin and Denise Jia

From paint suppliers to decoration and construction companies, Evergrande owes more than 800 billion yuan ($124 billion) due within one year, while it has only a 10th of that amount of cash on hand.

As of the end of June, Evergrande had nearly 2 trillion yuan ($309 billion) of liabilities on its books, plus an unknown amount of off-books debt. The property giant is on the verge of a dramatic debt restructuring or even bankruptcy, many institutions believe…

…Its liabilities are equivalent to about 2% of China’s GDP. It has more than 200,000 employees, who themselves and many of their families have invested billions of yuan in the company’s WMPs. The company has more than 800 projects under construction, more than half of them halted due to its cash crunch. There are thousands of upstream and downstream companies that rely on Evergrande for business, creating more than 3.8 million jobs every year.

Like many of China’s “too big to fail” conglomerates, Evergrande’s crisis has fueled speculation over whether the government will step in for a rescue. Several state-owned enterprises, including Shenzhen Talents Housing Group Co. Ltd. and Shenzhen Investment Ltd., both controlled by the Shenzhen State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC), are in talks with Evergrande on its Shenzhen projects, according to people close to the talks. But so far, no deals have been reached…

…In 2018, Evergrande reported record profit of 72 billion yuan, more than double the previous year’s net. But behind that, it spent more than 100 billion yuan a year on interest.

Even in good years, the company usually had negative operating cash flow, with not enough cash on hand to cover short-term loans due within a year with and presale revenue not enough to pay suppliers. In addition to borrowing from banks, Evergrande also borrows from executives and employees.

When developers seek funds from banks, lenders often require personal investments from the developers’ executives as a risk-control measure, a former employee at Evergrande’s asset management department told Caixin.

“At times like this, Evergrande would have an internal fund-raising campaign,” the manager said. “Either the executives would pay out of their own pockets, or they would set a goal for each division.”

One crowdfunding product issued to executives was called “Chaoshoubao,” which means “super return treasure.” In 2017, Evergrande tried to obtain project financing from state-owned China Citic Bank in Shenzhen, which required personal investment from Evergrande’s executives. The company then issued Chaoshoubao to employees, promising 25% annual interest and redemption of principal and interest within two years. The minimum investment was 3 million yuan. China Citic Bank eventually agreed to provide 40 billion yuan of acquisition funds to Evergrande.

In 2020, Chen Xuying, former vice president of China Citic Bank and head of the bank’s Shenzhen branch from 2012 to 2018, was sentenced to 12 years in prison for accepting bribes after issuing loans.

A senior executive at Evergrande said he personally invested 1.5 million yuan and mobilized his subordinates to invest 1.5 million yuan into Chaoshoubao. Some employees would even borrow money to invest in the product because the 25% return was much higher than loan rates.

When the Chaoshoubao was due for redemption in 2019, the company asked employees who bought the product to agree to a one-year extension for repayment. Then in 2020, the company asked for another one-year extension. One investor said buyers received an annualized return of 4% to 5% in the last four years, far below the 25% promised return…

…In August, the construction company that was contracted to build Evergrande’s Taicang cultural tourism city in Nantong, Jiangsu province, announced the halt of the project due to bills unpaid by Evergrande. The company, Jiangsu Nantong Sanjian Construction Group Co. Ltd., said it put 500 million yuan of its own funds into the project and Evergrande paid it less than 290 million yuan.

Sanjian has other construction contracts with Evergrande and its subsidiaries. As of September, Evergrande owes the Nantong company about 20 billion yuan.

As of August 2020, Evergrande had 8,441 upstream and downstream companies it was working with. If the flow of Evergrande cash stops, the normal operation of these companies will be disrupted, and some would even face the risk of bankruptcy…

…Evergrande relies heavily on commercial paper to pay construction partners and suppliers. Among payments it made to Sanjian, only 8% was in cash and the rest in commercial paper.

Initially, the commercial paper borrowings were mostly six-month notes with annualized interest rates of 15%–16%. Now most carry interest rates of more than 20%. Holders of such commercial paper can sell the notes at a discount to raise cash. In 2017–18, the discount rate on Evergrande paper could reach 15%–20%. Since May 2021, the few Evergrande notes that could still be sold have been discounted as much as 55%, according to a person familiar with such transactions.

For small and medium-sized suppliers, holding a large amount of overdue Evergrande notes is a burden too heavy to bear. In recent months, a number of suppliers sued Evergrande for breach of contract but often settled the cases. A lawyer who represented Evergrande in related cases told Caixin that many plaintiffs chose to negotiate with Evergrande while fighting in court.

Evergrande also offered a “property for debt” option to its commercial paper holders. The company said it’s in talks with suppliers and construction contractors to delay payment or offset debt with properties. From July 1 to Aug. 27, Evergrande sold properties to suppliers and contractors to offset a total of 25 billion yuan of debt…

…As of the end of June, Evergrande had total assets of 2.38 trillion yuan and total liabilities of 1.97 trillion yuan. Of the nearly 2 trillion yuan of debt, interest-bearing debt was 571.7 billion yuan, down about 145 billion yuan from the end of 2020. The decrease in interest-bearing debt was mostly achieved by deferred payables to suppliers.

In addition to the 571.7 billion yuan of interest-bearing debt on its books, it’s not a secret that developers like Evergrande have huge off-balance sheet debt. But the amount at Evergrande is not known.

In the early stage of projects, developers need to invest a lot of money, which could significantly increase the debt on the balance sheet. Companies often place these debts off their balance sheet through a variety of means. After the pre-sale of the project, or even after the cash flow of the project turns positive, these debts would be consolidated into the balance sheet in the form of equity transfer, according to a property industry insider.

For example, 40 billion yuan of acquisition funds Evergrande obtained from China Citic Bank were invested in multiple projects. Among them, 10.7 billion yuan was used by Shenzhen Liangyang Industrial Co. Ltd. to acquire Shenzhen Duoji Investment Co. Ltd. As Evergrande doesn’t have an equity relationship with the two companies, this item was not required to be consolidated into Evergrande’s financial statement. Evergrande used leveraged funds to acquire equities in 10 projects, and none of them were included in its financial statement, the prospectus of its Chaoshoubao shows.

Evergrande has sold equity in subsidiaries to strategic investors and promised to buy back the stakes if certain milestones can’t be reached in the future. Such equity sales are actually a form of borrowing, too. In March, Evergrande sold a stake in its online home and car sales platform Fangchebao for HK$16.4 billion ($2.1 billion) in advance of a planned U.S. share sale by the unit. If the online sales unit doesn’t complete an initial public offering on Nasdaq or any other stock exchange within 12 months after the completion of the stake sale, the unit is required to repurchase the shares at a 15% premium.

6. 5 Big Ideas For Making Fusion Power A Reality – Tom Clynes

Unlike nuclear fission, in which a large, unstable nucleus is split into smaller elements, a fusion reaction occurs when the nuclei of a lightweight element, typically hydrogen, collide with enough force to fuse and form a heavier element. In the process, some of the mass is released and converted into energy, as laid out in Albert Einstein’s famous formula: E = mc2.

There’s an abundance of fusion energy in our universe—the sun and other stable stars are powered by thermonuclear fusion—but the task of triggering and controlling a self-sustaining fusion reaction and harnessing its power is arguably the most difficult engineering challenge humans have ever attempted.

To fuse hydrogen nuclei, earthbound reactor designers need to find ways to overcome the positively charged ions’ mutual repulsion—the Coulomb force—and get them close enough to bind via what’s known as the strong nuclear force. Most methods involve temperatures that are so high—several orders of magnitude hotter than the sun’s core temperature of 15 million °C—that matter can exist only in the plasma state, in which electrons break free of their atomic nuclei and circulate freely in gaslike clouds.

But a high-energy-density plasma is notoriously unstable and difficult to control. It wriggles and writhes and attempts to break free, migrating to the edges of the field that contains it, where it quickly cools and dissipates. Most of the challenges surrounding fusion energy center around plasma: how to heat it, how to contain it, how to shape it and control it. The two mainstream approaches are magnetic confinement and inertial confinement. Magnetic-confinement reactors such as ITER attempt to hold the plasma steady within a tokamak, by means of powerful magnetic fields. Inertial-confinement approaches, such as NIF’s, generally use lasers to compress and implode the plasma so quickly that it’s held in place long enough for the reaction to get going…

…Some promising startups, though, aren’t content to accept the conventional wisdom, and they’re tackling the underlying physics of fusion in new ways. One of the more radical approaches is that of First Light Fusion. The British company intends to produce fusion using an inertial-confinement reactor design inspired by a very noisy crustacean.

The pistol shrimp’s defining feature is its oversize pistol-like claw, which it uses to stun prey. After drawing back the “hammer” part of its claw, the shrimp snaps it against the opposite side of the claw, creating a rapid pressure change that produces vapor-filled voids in the water called cavitation bubbles. As these bubbles collapse, shock waves pulse through the water at 25 meters per second, enough to take out small marine animals.

“The shrimp just wants to use the pressure wave to stun its prey,” says Nicholas Hawker, First Light’s cofounder and CEO. “It doesn’t care that as the cavity implodes, the vapor inside is compressed so forcefully that it causes plasma to form—or that it has created the Earth’s only example of inertial-confinement fusion.” The plasma reaches temperatures of over 4,700 °C, and it creates a 218-decibel bang.

Hawker focused on the pistol shrimp’s extraordinary claw in his doctoral dissertation at the University of Oxford, and he began studying whether it might be possible to mimic and scale up the shrimp’s physiology to spark a fusion reaction that could produce electricity.

After raising £25 million (about $33 million) and teaming up with international engineering group Mott MacDonald, First Light is building an ICF reactor in which the “claw” consists of a metal disk-shaped projectile and a cube with a cavity filled with deuterium-tritium fuel. The projectile’s impact creates shock waves, which produce cavitation bubbles in the fuel. As the bubbles collapse, the fuel within them is compressed long enough and forcefully enough to fuse.

Hawker says First Light hopes to initiate its first fusion reaction this year and to demonstrate net energy gain by 2024. But he acknowledges that those achievements won’t be enough. “Fusion energy doesn’t just need to be scientifically feasible,” he says. “It needs to be commercially viable.”

7. China, Semiconductors, and the Push for Independence – Part 1 – Jordan Nel

China imports more chips than it does oil.

As we’ll see later, they have also made it evident that they are looking to lead the world in AI and industrial automation. This makes semiconductors not just their biggest chokepoint should international tensions exacerbate, but also their biggest constraint in achieving their tech growth goals.

Because of this, semiconductor manufacturing has become a national priority. The number of firms registering as semiconductor companies have grown by more than 700% in the last decade (Figure 12). Both state and private bodies are funnelling money into building out this capability. This is not just a CCP-driven, executive order. After Washington banned Huawei from using Cadence & Synopsys’ EDA platforms, there is also considerable private concerns within Chinese companies around who else the US might ban.

So, what would incentivize the CCP to pour $73 billion into a single industry? Partially the same reason that would incentivize TSMC to invest ~$100 billion over three years to increase research and capacity. It’s because there’s an immense demand. However, in China’s case, it’s partially also because it’s strategic policy.

China creating a large amount of hype around a particular industry is not entirely novel. The combination of easy funding, national interest, local interest, and market demand all creates an energising buzz around a particular industry. In the far past, it’s been entrepreneurship and urbanisation. In the last couple of years, it’s AI and big data. Today it is semiconductors…

…So yes, China looking for tech independence is a bid for national power. It is also something that has played out nation by nation over millennia of varying empires. I realize it’s a little grandiose to frame a discussion on semiconductors in the context of world history. However, given how essential chips are to our world’s future, it is probably the most important framing one can have around this industry. Semiconductor manufacturing is not like automotive manufacturing. It is far more winner-take-all, and far harder to replace the winners once they’re entrenched.

China’s bid for power needs to be further framed given how concentrated the industry is in America today. Looking at Figure 15, it’s easy to see how China views an internal semiconductor capability and a secured supply as intrinsically linked to their economic and national security. This is not without reason: in recent years US policy has increasingly taken aim at Chinese supply chain vulnerabilities. This is a chicken-and-egg situation. China looks to internalise because America wants to prevent China’s growing power. America wants to prevent China from internalising because it makes China more powerful.

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Disclaimer: The Good Investors is the personal investing blog of two simple guys who are passionate about educating Singaporeans about stock market investing. By using this Site, you specifically agree that none of the information provided constitutes financial, investment, or other professional advice. It is only intended to provide education. Speak with a professional before making important decisions about your money, your professional life, or even your personal life. Of all the companies mentioned, we currently have a vested interest in Tesla. Holdings are subject to change at any time.

We’ve constantly been sharing a list of our recent reads in our weekly emails for The Good Investors.

Do subscribe for our weekly updates through the orange box in the blog (it’s on the side if you’re using a computer, and all the way at the bottom if you’re using mobile) – it’s free!

But since our readership-audience for The Good Investors is wider than our subscriber base, we think sharing the reading list regularly on the blog itself can benefit even more people. The articles we share touch on a wide range of topics, including investing, business, and the world in general.

Here are the articles for the week ending 19 September 2021:

1. Zhang Yiming’s Last Speech – Kevin Xu

Last year was a very special year, with various emergencies, including the novel coronavirus pandemic. The resulting chain reaction was very volatile, and I believe we all felt it. Many people like to say that “quiet years are good years” (岁月静好), but in my opinion, the world is dynamically changing at an accelerated pace. We can see a lot of news every day, and it is very noisy.

Therefore, I would like to talk about the topic of “ordinary mind” today. In the face of a dynamically changing world, we are often anxious, worried about the future or upset about the past, and a lot of energy and time are wasted on facing volatilities. In the past, there were more discussions on methodology in the industry, and we all attached great importance to it. But I think that in such an environment, keeping an ordinary mind is something that sounds simple but important.

I think people who keep an ordinary mind are more relaxed, have no internal distortions, observe things with a more nuanced perspective, are practical, and have more patience. They tend to get things done better. Most of the time, people are able to have good judgment without paranoia or distractions. There is a saying, “本自具足”, which means “it has always been complete and sufficient, and lacked nothing”. The theme of our anniversary this year is “Remain Grounded, Keep Aiming Higher”. My understanding is that these two sentences are similar in meaning. Only when the mind is smoother and more stable, can it be more firmly rooted, and only then can it have the courage and imagination to do things that are more difficult to reach…

…The word “ordinary mind” is a word of Buddhist origin, and there are many such words in Chinese, such as “精进” (dedicating oneself to refinement or progress) and “想入非非” (daydreaming). The definition of “ordinary mind” in the encyclopedia is: “to remain unbiased and not paranoid under all circumstances and in all actions”. In modern psychology, there are also some explanations that basically mean, “doing one’s best, going with the flow, and staying calm”. If you search the headlines, you can also find other articles, concepts and explanations, such as let it be or let it go, common sense, intuition, and righteousness and sincerity. For example, the saying “不离日用常行内，直到先天未画时” (the supreme principle is buried in one’s mind) is actually about intuition (or intuitive conscience). In the Internet tech circle, there is also the popular saying, “return to the basics, seek truth through facts” and acceptance of uncertainty.

If you use the most straightforward words, an “ordinary mind” is: “when hungry, eat; when tired, sleep.”…

…The first thing I would like to say about the ordinary mind is, treat yourself with an “ordinary mind “. The most basic thing is to realize that everyone, including yourself, is an ordinary person.

Some media want to add drama when they report on startups and people’s stories, either by making the experience seem legendary or by dramatizing people’s characters. When I used to be interviewed, people also wanted me to share twists and turns. I often said it was nothing special. In fact, most things, in my opinion, have reasons and justifications. Nothing is particularly that difficult or unusual to explain.

It’s really true. As our business has grown, I have gotten to know more and more people, including many very special and capable people. One of my own feelings is: maybe there are some differences in knowledge and experience, but from a “human” point of view, we are still very similar to one another — we are all ordinary people. But there is one thing that is different. For people who achieve great things, they often maintain a very ordinary mentality. In other words, if you keep an ordinary mind, accept yourself as you are, and do well for yourself, you can often do things well.

Ordinary people can do extraordinary things…

…Two years ago, I heard about a best-selling book called “The Power of Now” on Open Language. The book has this passage:

All negativity is caused by an accumulation of psychological time and denial of the present moment. Unease, anxiety, tension, stress, worry, all forms of fear are caused by thinking about the future. Guilt, regret, resentment, grievances, sadness, bitterness, all forms of non-forgiveness are caused by worrying about the past…

…Two years ago, there was a documentary that was very popular called “Free Solo”. I met the main character, Alex Honnold, when I was in California. Many people shared his story, but the thing that struck me the most was that it was dangerous to go forward and backward, but it was most dangerous to have a weak leg and a confused heart. In the process of rock climbing, you can’t look back too much and be afraid of what’s behind you, or keep thinking about a wrong step taken. Nor can you look forward and realize that there is still such a long way to go. One thing is very worth learning from Alex: he was very focused on the present moment at every moment.

Free soloing is an activity with such high uncertainty that few people will ever have that experience. I myself had one of a much more ordinary, but similar feelings. I used to have a hard time sticking to running or swimming. Running for two kilometers was very difficult for me. Then I was thinking, what is it that makes me unable to run? It was actually the aversion to running, that fatigue or worry, that made me nervous. Later, I tried to run without thinking about anything else, except for the necessary adjustment of breathing. I tried to use only the necessary muscles, relax as much as possible, and ignore the interference of soreness. Then it became easy to run 3 km, 4 km. Later I used this same method to practice swimming. Originally, I could only swim 500 meters, but now I can easily swim up to 1,000 meters, not because my physical ability has improved, but because, I feel, I have removed the attrition in the middle. I stopped worrying about whether I could finish the swim, whether I was well-rested yesterday, or whether I was in good shape today, and was able to run better. 

2. If Your CEO Talks Like Kant, Think Twice Before Investing – John Authers

We’re used to crunching numbers in investments. With the improvement in technology to analyze language, Big Data now allows us to start crunching words as well, and it turns out to be very useful. If you want to get someone to invest, make your case in clear language. And for those thinking of investing, if someone pitching to you can’t explain their offer in plain speech, that is a sign not to invest. 

This is the fascinating finding from research by the quants at Nomura Holdings Inc., looking at earnings calls. (The language in 10-Ks is always carefully vetted and written by committee. Such documents tend to be written in bad, complicated prose. But when executives are speaking on a call, they have the liberty to make straightforward points in a simple way.)

The results are dramatic. The researchers analyzed the language used by execs in calls for all the companies in the Russell 1000 large-cap index, and split them into 10 groups of 100. Since 2014, the 100 companies whose officers used the most complex language averaged a return of 9.45% per year. The companies in the simplest language decile returned 15.4% per year. The results are robust when controlled for volatility, with the simple language decile having a far higher Sharpe ratio…

3. Only The Rich Are Poisoned: The Preference of Others – Nassim Nicholas Taleb

When people get rich, they shed their skin-in-the game driven experiential mechanism. They lose control of their preferences, substituting constructed preferences to their own, complicating their lives unnecessarily, triggering their own misery. And these are of course the preferences of those who want to sell them something. This is a skin-in-the-game problem as the choices of the rich are dictated by others who have something to gain, and no side effects, from the sale. And given that they are rich, and their exploiters not often so, nobody would shout victim.

I once had dinner in a Michelin-starred restaurant with a fellow who insisted on eating there instead of my selection of a casual Greek taverna with a friendly owner operator, his second cousin as a manager and his third cousin once removed as a receptionist. The other customers seemed, as we say in Mediterranean languages, to have a cork plugged in their behind obstructing proper ventilation, causing the vapors to build on the inside of the gastrointestinal walls, leading to the irritable type of decorum you only notice in the educated upper classes. I note that, in addition to the plugged corks, all men wore ties.

Dinner consisted in a succession of complicated small things, with microscopic ingredients and contrasting tastes that forced you to concentrate as if you were taking some type of exam. You were not eating, rather visiting some type of museum with an affected English major lecturing you on some artistic dimension you would have never considered on your own. There was so little that was familiar and so little that fit my taste buds: once something on the occasion tasted like something real, there was no chance to have more as we moved on to the next dish. Trudging through the dishes and listening to some b***t by the sommelier about the paired wine, I was afraid of losing concentration. I costs a lot of energy to fake that I was not bored. In fact I discovered an optimization in the wrong place: the only thing I cared about, bread, was not warm. It appears that this is not a Michelin requirement…

…Now let us generalize to progress in general. Do you want society to get wealthy, or is there something else you prefer –avoidance of poverty. Are your choices yours or those of salespeople?

Let’s return to the restaurant experience and discuss constructed preferences as compared to natural ones. If I had a choice between paying $200 for a pizza or $6.95 for the French complicated experience, I would pay $200 for the pizza, plus $9.95 for a bottle of Malbec wine. Actually I would pay to not have the Michelin experience.

This reasoning be have just shown that exists a sophistication that causes degradation, what economists call “negative utility”. This tells us something about wealth & the growth of “GDP” in society: this shows the presence an “S” curve beyond which you get incremental harm. It is detectable only if you get rid of constructed preferences.

Now many societies have been getting wealthier and wealthier, many beyond the positive part of the “S” curve. And I am certain that if pizza were priced at $200, the people with a cork plugged in their behind would be lining up for it. But it is too easy to produce so they opt for the costly, and pizza will be always cheaper than the complicated crap.

4. Scientists created the world’s whitest paint. It could eliminate the need for air conditioning. – Tribune News Service

The whitest paint in the world has been created in a lab at Purdue University in the US, a paint so white that it could eventually reduce or even eliminate the need for air conditioning, scientists say.

The paint has now made it into the Guinness World Records book as the whitest ever made.

So why did the scientists create such a paint? It turns out that breaking a world record wasn’t the goal of the researchers – curbing global warming was.

“When we started this project about seven years ago, we had saving energy and fighting climate change in mind,” said Xiulin Ruan, a professor of mechanical engineering at Purdue, in a statement…

…The paint reflects 98.1 per cent of solar radiation while also emitting infrared heat. Because the paint absorbs less heat from the sun than it emits, a surface coated with this paint is cooled below the surrounding temperature without consuming power.

Using this new paint to cover a roof area of about 1,000 square feet could result in a cooling power of 10 kilowatts.

Typical commercial white paint gets warmer rather than cooler. Paints on the market that are designed to reject heat reflect only 80 per cent to 90 per cent of sunlight and cannot make surfaces cooler than their surroundings.

5. Forget the Stock Market. The Rare-Plant Market Has Gone Bonkers. – Shan Li

The 1600s had the Dutch tulip market bubble. Now 2020 is doing the same for rare plants.

Interest in greenery has grown during the pandemic, with more people stuck at home and bored—and Instagram posts have helped send the market for unusual varieties into a tizzy. Growers, nurseries and plant shops are scrambling to keep up. The most coveted flora now fetch thousands of dollars. Plant flippers have jumped in to make a quick buck.

Jerry Garcia, a 27-year-old aircraft mechanic in San Diego, said in recent months he has been besieged by requests from people eager to buy a piece of his vast tropical-plants collection. During one week in August, he sold two small cuttings of a highly coveted Variegated Monstera Adansonii plant for $2,000 apiece. With proper care, the cuttings will eventually turn into plants.

“It’s better than the stock market,” Mr. Garcia said. “I got a bunch of these plants when they were in the double digits, and now they are in the four-digit realm.”…

…Flora with sought-after features, such as splashes of color and holes in their leaves, are often the result of genetic mutations that make them susceptible to minor changes in temperature, humidity and light, plant experts say.

The ghostly white streaks of the Variegated Monstera Albo can send prices up to $250 per leaf. Those same colorless patches, however, mean the plant has trouble photosynthesizing and often requires extra help from humidifiers or grow lights…

…Longtime plant lovers say the craze for rare plants is reminiscent of a housing bubble, or the tulip mania that gripped the Netherlands during the 1600s, when bulb prices hit stratospheric heights before crashing.

“It’s going to burst at some point,” said Ms. Barnum. “It’s too crazy.”

Botany bandits are interested, too. A few months ago, Mr. Garcia, the San Diego collector, began noticing that valuable plants were disappearing from his rented greenhouse. He set up motion-activated cameras to figure out what was happening. Those gadgets began vanishing as well.

Mr. Garcia almost did a stakeout in a hammock, but decided to splurge instead on a camera that sent live footage to his phone. It caught a man, toting a gun, making off with thousands of dollars worth of plants.

“This man was picking up plants as if he was shopping at a nursery,” said Mr. Garcia, who quickly moved his collection back home.

6. Jack Ma’s Costliest Business Lesson: China Has Only One Leader – Keith Zhai, Lingling Wei and Jing Yang

Technological disruption, once seen as a useful prod for China to catch up with the West, has been recast as a threat to the ruling Communist Party. As a result, Xi Jinping, China’s most powerful leader in decades, is rewriting the rules of business for the world’s second-largest economy.

Mr. Ma failed to keep pace with Beijing’s shifting views and lost an appreciation for the risks of falling out of step, according to people who know him. He tuned out warnings for years, they said. He behaved too much like an American entrepreneur.

Mr. Ma’s exit from the world stage followed a typically frank speech in October, when he criticized Chinese regulators for stifling financial innovation. Mr. Xi personally intervened days later to block the record $34 billion-plus initial public offering of Ant Group, Mr. Ma’s financial-tech company. Since then, Ant has been forced to restructure its business, leaving the company’s employees and investors in limbo.

Beijing has cracked down on China’s private sector, issuing fines and initiating probes meant to force Mr. Ma’s companies, as well as such firms as ride-hailing giant Didi Global Inc. and TikTok owner ByteDance Ltd., to adhere more closely to the state’s interests. The companies, holding troves of capital and user data, had grown too expansive for the government to control…

…Alibaba boomed in the late 2000s, and Mr. Ma appeared on posters and TV screens hung in convenience stores and at airport and railway waiting areas across China. Millions watched him issue his prescriptions for success. “The success or failure of a company often depends on if the founder could follow his heart,” he said in one early speech.

Government officials hailed his work. One was Mr. Xi, who by the early 2000s had become the top leader of Zhejiang province, where Alibaba is based. Mr. Xi promoted startups, in line with Chinese policy at the time.

“He encouraged companies like Alibaba to expand because they’re good for the country,” a former Zhejiang official recalled. After Mr. Xi left Zhejiang in 2007 to be Shanghai’s top official, he visited Alibaba and asked, “Can you come to Shanghai and help us develop?” state media reported…

…Backed by success, Mr. Ma grew more bold and had few people to hold him back. He touted Alipay, the online payment service he created for transactions on Alibaba’s e-commerce platforms, even though it threatened the dominance of China’s state-owned banks.

Chinese banks weren’t doing enough to support small businesses, Mr. Ma said, because they focused too much on state-owned enterprises. “If the banks don’t change, we’ll change the banks,” Mr. Ma said at a 2008 conference.

After Mr. Xi became president in 2013, the freewheeling atmosphere in the private sector that had prevailed under China’s previous leaders, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, began to thin. Mr. Xi announced that “state-owned enterprises cannot be weakened, but must be strengthened.”

The shift in Beijing coincided with Mr. Ma’s global ascent—and he didn’t appear to notice the change.

7. Gabriel Leydon – Designing Digital Economies – Patrick O’Shaughnessy and Gabriel Leydon

Patrick: [00:04:10] I know you’re going to restrain yourself, but we’ll do our best. The first red pill of the discussion is around the topic of design. There’s a huge emphasis on design right now, and I think you’ve got an interesting take on what an emphasis on design means about where we are in capitalism. What are your thoughts on the importance of design or what it might mean?

Gabriel: [00:04:30] I see this push for, you see a lot of people, they’re making productivity apps and they’re claiming it’s a game now. I see things going in this pattern where when things are innovative, nobody really cares what they look like. If I made up a teleport machine and it was the size of an arena and it was covered in slime and smelled really bad or something, I don’t think anybody would care. There’d be a line around the block. Everybody would just jump in and they would think it’s the greatest thing ever. But over time we kind of would make it smaller, and then the artists would come in and try to make it look nicer and feel better. And once you kind of get to that design phase, Silicon Valley’s been in for about 10 years, there’s only so much you can do to make something look better.

If you remember 5 years ago, everybody was talking about delighting their users, and delighting was just like, “We don’t have any more ideas. So we’re just going to feel a little bit better because we’re out of ideas. So now we’re going to just delight you.” And the game design stuff is, “we don’t know how to make this look better, so now we’re just going to tap into your human condition of biology and psychology to make our products better. Because we don’t know how to make them more innovative, we don’t know how to make them better looking, but we can add levels and achievements.”

How that presents itself is all of a sudden you’re getting achievements for buying erectile dysfunction pills from Hims. You buy extra orders of minoxidil to max out your Hims account. That’s sort of what we’re seeing. And it’s funny too because that’s all I’ve been doing for 20 years, is that kind of stuff. And while I was doing it, I just thought I was wasting my time working on video games. I thought you have Google’s being built around you and Facebook and all this stuff, and here you are making video games and you just feel like the losers of technology. The losers make video games, and it’s kind of true in a lot of ways. But recently it’s kind of like everything’s turning my way. Everything’s becoming, you see this kind of talk about everything becoming a video game, and it’s pretty bizarre to me because it even caught me by surprise. 20 years feeling like you’re wasting your time, and then all of a sudden feeling like, “Hey, am I really good at the world’s most important skill all of a sudden?”

It’s very interesting, but I actually see it as a bad sign. We’re basically running out of new ideas. The economy is just becoming more and more psychological and it’s less about innovation and more about understanding your condition as a person and then building a product around biological and psychological reflexes rather than a teleport machine that can move you around the world. So I think you’re seeing more and more of that…

…Patrick: [00:48:44] Can you say a bit about the experience with RT platform? Think some of the technologies that you built.

Gabriel: [00:48:49] My personal obsession has been trying to create the most amount of human interaction as possible on an app. Everything that I’ve done online has been an app about trying to get the whole world on one screen. That’s my goal, is I want 8 billion people on the same screen at the same time. And then I want to just do crazy stuff with that. Because I think that’s the perfect manifestation of the internet. It’s like, put everybody on the same screen. We’re all connected. So, let’s all get on the same screen. So it sounds kind of crazy. But to me, it just seems like the logical outcome of the internet. Is we just all ended up on the same screen and looking at the same thing at the same time. And that’s what I want to do, is try to create a real-time layer between everybody and make all that work very, very hard.

But the other thing that I think that’s really interesting, kind of like change of topic, that you mentioned, I’m really excited about NFTs. Because I see a clear trajectory from in-app purchases to NFTs. Where we were the first game on the Apple platform to have in-app purchases in a game called Race or Die at the time. And then we made another game called Original Gangsters. That was the first one that we made for in-app purchases. It was transformative. It was insane. The idea that people can be in the app, they have their credit card hooked up, and they could just press a button, essentially. Put in their password, put their thumbprint, look at a camera and spend $1 to $100. Totally changed everything when that happened. I mean, our revenue went from selling apps. It went up about 700% overnight. As soon as we put in-app purchases in the game. So, it’s crazy.

As a video game developer, the reason why that works is because I have a centralized economy. I have servers. I have server security. I have a total monopoly on my virtual goods. If you want to buy one, you can’t buy it from anybody else. You have to buy it from me. And if you try to hack my server, you can’t. You just have to buy it. There’s no other way. We would make items, make new stuff for the game. And they would make millions of dollars in an hour. And the thing that enabled that ultimately, was all the security around the item. They had to buy it from me. And now we’re seeing NFTs. Where, instead of the game developer creating the security around the item, we have Ethereum creating security around the items.

So, literally, everybody on earth now has the same monetization abilities that a video game has. And you’re seeing the same results, like Blau doing $11 million of MP3s in a few hours. That’s what video games do. So this guaranteed scarcity, guaranteed ownership, perfect security, or near-perfect security at least, around these virtual objects are the next iteration of the in-app purchase that will invade every single software business there is. Everybody’s going to start looking like a gaming company. If you can get an audience together and you can create demand around the virtual object, you now have Ethereum as your security model and you can control whether somebody can buy it from you or not.

I see everyone, and it’s sort of this thing that you can’t avoid too because it’s all margin. It’s like a 100% profit. They’re all virtual objects. So I actually see everybody getting into this. Even your local cafe. Everybody’s going to be doing this because you can, and because it will make a lot of money. And it’s going to come down to, going right back, this is what I meant. Last year I was feeling like, oh gosh. All this video game experience. I was applying it to some friends or whatever. There were some things I’ve worked on and it worked really well on. So I felt kind of good. It’s okay. Works on other stuff. But when I saw this, I was like, oh my God. Is everybody going to be running a live ops team? And the answer is, yes. Everybody is. Everybody’s going to say, get online at noon and buy 1 of 30 of these things that unlocks access to the VIP room, the events, the whatever, whatever.

And not only that it’s superior to the in-app purchase because it’s tradable and it’s speculative. When people are buying stuff in a free to play game, the only thing they get in return is the experience. That’s it. If they stop playing the game, that’s it. They don’t get anything. They just get nothing. But they get the experience and it’s good enough. It’s good enough to be $80 billion a year. Just for the experience. So what happens when these things are tradable and speculative, and guaranteed rare. I think it 10x’s or maybe actually more. I think that people are vastly underestimating what’s about to happen. They don’t see it in their regular life. They don’t work in businesses that do this kind of stuff.

So I think it’s inevitable and it will happen slow and fast. Fast in a video game, but slow everywhere else. Because there’s not enough people that understand this stuff. There really isn’t. I mean, there are people who are okay at it. And then there are people who are really, really good at it. There’s just not enough. And there’s no school to go to either. It’s all experience-based and intuition. So the world isn’t going to turn into a video game overnight. Because there’s just not enough people to do it. But I do think it is inevitable that everybody starts selling these virtual objects because they can. They can be designed in ways that unlock crazy amounts of profits that are just, I mean, this sounds really extreme but I think that you’ll start seeing more and more businesses adopt loss-leader or free to play models. The price of coffee could go down because they make more money on the NFT. That sounds-

Patrick: [00:54:20] Crazy…

...Patrick: [01:01:04] Give me one more thing at least. One more what I would call purple pill. Something not too inflammatory. Something you think that is true about the world that people wouldn’t like to hear.

Gabriel: [01:01:14] I think we need AI more than we think. I think that we’re at an IQ limit and the reason why innovation feels like it’s slowing down is because we can’t do it. We just literally, physically can’t do it. And there may be an exit ramp through AI, but it’s not exactly clear that we can do that either.

I really think that the 60s and 70s futurism is the reason why we’re suffering so much today. Because there was no reason to not print money, to not full-on inflationary mindset and everything because we were going to live in paradise. We were going to be on the moon. We’ll be able to pay all this back, there’s no problem. And then financialization happened, and gamification of financialization happened because that was easier and it worked. But it’s not better. Innovation is better. It’s clearly better. If I make a teleport machine, I don’t need to make a video game, I don’t need to have levels and achievements. It doesn’t need to look nice. It doesn’t need any of those things. It’s just is what it is and everybody wants one. That is better. That’s the only way to really have prosperity. And this design/now gamification is a symptom of the limits of our minds. So instead of doing things in the physical world, we’re doing things in the psychological world now, and that’s may be permanent. And I hope that’s not true, but more and more of the economy is going into this exploit, automation, high-frequency trading, that kind of thinking. And it’s not rockets to Mars.

We’ve gotten to the point where we look at the two richest men… Like we used to have the Wright brothers, these two guys trying to make an airplane, they’re in the middle of nowhere, who are these guys like? Now we look to the two richest men in the world to solve our most difficult problems. The regular person has no chance in participating in the future of the economy now. The only people who have the chance like, “I hope Bill Gates figures out solar panels.” And the regular people are just kind of looking up to them saying, “Well, I don’t know what to do.” And I think the reality is the rich guys don’t know what to do either. We got the rockets going. Those are cool. And we’re making some incremental innovations. There’s been some really important things like crypto. So it’s not hopeless. It’s just not what we thought was going to happen. So I think that’s the dislocation between the economy and the reality of innovation is that the economy moved way ahead of innovation, under false expectations that we would be able to keep innovating at an exponential rate.

I think there’s a fear that we know that we can’t. So then you’re staring at deflation like a reset, essentially. We’ve got too much of everything and there’s not enough innovation to pay this back. It doesn’t exist so we got to abandoned ship basically. That’s pretty bad. But from my lens, from my point of view, it’s like that’s why gaming is becoming so important. It’s because we don’t have the teleport machine and we need one. And if we had teleport machines, nobody would be playing games.

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We’ve constantly been sharing a list of our recent reads in our weekly emails for The Good Investors.

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Here are the articles for the week ending 12 September 2021:

1. Josh Williams: Building Infrastructure Technology for Blockchain Games – Aaron Bush and Josh Williams

[Aaron Bush] What convinced you that the realm of play-to-earn and blockchain games was worth committing to? What does this underlying technology enable for the first time that made you think this was worth changing your career to focus on?

[Josh Williams] I got so excited about building Forte as an enabling platform for game developers around the world. Players around the world, including myself, spend lots of time, energy, and money in games today in the virtual worlds that they create. But, economically, games are pure entertainment experiences. All of the purchases that players make in games today, to the tune of close to $200 billion a year, are just entertainment expenditures from the players’ perspective. Even if you spend a lot of time and money in games, you don’t own anything or have any economic opportunity.

As the world becomes more digital and our experiences become more virtual, it’ll be more important to have real economies and property rights in virtual worlds just like we do in the physical world. What blockchain technology unlocks for the first time is a safe, sound, and secure way for you to be able to own digital goods. It can prove the provenance, scarcity, and ownership of goods that are purely digital.  While the cost of copying a good is negligible, you can still have a true history and provable scarcity for digital goods so that they can become commodities and have real value.

That was the big change that blockchain technology unlocked. It was so exciting to me, and I’m still excited today. I get out of bed every day to work on this stuff and hopefully pull the future forward a little bit…

…Tackling one more criticism that some people have towards blockchains in games, what would you tell those who say that you can build player-owned economies and marketplaces with more standard development tools and bypass blockchains altogether? What in your mind does a blockchain add that literally couldn’t be done without it that more developers should be excited about?

This is maybe a subtle point, but I think it’ll become increasingly clear: The big difference that blockchains enable is an open but secure database. Instead of just the game developer operating the database and being the only authority that can write to the database and authorize transactions, players themselves can own the assets. Anyone in the world can write to the database and submit bids and transactions.

The underlying innovations in blockchain are pretty powerful. This idea of an open database isn’t new. It’s been a concept in computer science for a long time. What Bitcoin and now blockchains more generally did is they introduced some mechanisms that make it possible for the first time to have this open database that anyone can write to. You can be assured that all the transactions in the database are secure and sound. That was the core innovation ten years ago, and it’s the reason why you can do things like have an open blockchain that not just a developer controls, but anyone in the world can participate in and be assured that the developer or no one can take away the digital goods that they’ve purchased…

…You mentioned that over the long-term Forte is planning to decentralize its platform and potentially even dissolve itself as a company. Is that latter part true? If so, how does that work, and how are you thinking about that playing out over time?

That’s true. We want to open up our platform. I think that we’ll create sources of value for the ecosystem over time and potentially spin out companies that provide services that are in no way proprietary, but maybe are just really important. Those things that we spin out could have revenues, profits, and operate like traditional companies (where it makes sense to do that).

Other aspects of what we do today might be split up and be purely open source technologies where anyone can contribute to them and, hopefully, also earn value for their contributions. When people in the blockchain space talk about decentralization, it’s this umbrella term. It’s like a panacea for everything, but there’s many dimensions upon which you can decentralize. We try to be super thoughtful about the way we decentralize while still providing great services for publishers and developers. How do you stand up this ecosystem that could be self-supporting and rewarding to everyone? There’s an economic reason to improve the technology, or write more code, or provide a better and faster service, or create more liquidity.

You can have these economic incentives in the system. We, or companies we create, may participate in those too, but the core principle is to make it an ecosystem, not a walled garden that only we have access to. It’s the publishers, the developers, the players, and their communities that create the value here, and we’re just creating enabling technologies and services.

If it leads to Forte dissolving and decentralizing as a company, it’s pioneering a new type of business model, especially in the realm of games. I’m curious how that jives with raising venture capital. Does Forte turn into a decentralized anonymous organization (DAO) and get tokenized? Many people in games are starting to understand how decentralization and tokenization can work on a games level, but can you elaborate more how that plays out at a company level? 

As blockchain technologies take off, they’re incorporated into more real applications that use them in fundamentally important ways. More companies will shift to trying to figure out how to best align with the underlying technology and the users either in their marketplace or on their platform. A lot of that will result in people thinking less about companies and more about decentralized organizations of various kinds.

Just to zoom out a bit, the idea of a corporation is pretty new in human history. What it is in most jurisdictions around the world is this legal construct where you can have joint ownership and a common interest, but it’s a very bounded legal entity structure. What I think is so cool about blockchain technology is it creates a new technology-oriented way to create economic organizations where anyone can participate. Even internally at Forte we really try to be careful about calling ourselves an organization, not a company. The idea over time is there may be companies that spawn in and around the ecosystem we’re creating today.

We call ourselves Forte Labs for a reason: we can create this technology, spin up businesses around it to enable the ecosystem (if necessary), but in other instances do the opposite and create technologies that anyone can use and get access to. It’s all new, and it’ll be increasingly important for many companies to think about this. There’s a lot of this research and thinking going on in the crypto space around DAOs and tokenizing things. That’s one aspect of what’s possible, and it’s sometimes (but not always) the right thing to do. However, the idea that you can incubate technologies, foster an ecosystem, and then either create companies or protocols that provide services, and create value over time, will happen more and more.

2. Inequality, Interest Rates, Aging, and the Role of Central Banks – Matthew C. Klein

Auclert et al argue that population aging—and slowing population growth—is partly responsible for the global drop in interest rates because slower population growth reduces investment. There is less reason to reward those who put off spending when there are fewer people trying to build factories, houses, or other types of capital.

This effect should only get bigger if the United Nations’ forecasts pan out:

There will be no great demographic reversal: through the twenty-first century, population aging will continue to push down global rates of return, with our central estimate being -123bp, and push up global wealth-to-GDP, with our central estimate being a 10% increase, or 47pp in levels.

In the 1960s, total population growth in the major global economies (the “high-income countries” plus China) averaged almost 2% a year. That slowed to just 1.2% a year by the 1980s, 0.9% a year by the 1990s, 0.6% a year by the 2000s, and just 0.4% by the eve of the pandemic. The combined population of these economies is projected to shrink starting in the 2030s, eventually falling nearly 20% from the projected 2030 peak by the end of the century.

Put another way, the number of children aged 0-14 in these economies fell from a peak of more than 600 million in the mid-1970s to about 465 million now. The number of children is projected to plunge almost 30% from current levels to just 335 million by 2100.

That pushes down interest rates, according to Auclert et al, because fewer people means there is less need to provide for the desires of future generations. This effect outweighs the fact that older people have much lower saving rates than everyone else. An aging society might produce less, but demand falls even further and faster. The process began in the 1980s and could continue for decades to come.

That’s consistent with what I noted almost six years ago when writing about Japan. There, population aging in the 1990s and 2000s pushed the household saving rate to zero during a period of sustained government budget deficits—yet interest rates went down. The reason was that households are only one piece of the broader economy. In Japan’s case, the decline in business investment and the rise in corporate profitability (which in turn was partly attributable to lower pay for workers) were more than enough to offset what was happening in the rest of the economy…

…Mian, Straub, and Sufi, in a paper presented at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City’s Jackson Hole Economic Symposium, focus on how changes in the income distribution affect saving rates, borrowing, and consumer spending.

The key insight is that the ultra-rich are different from you and me: they have much higher saving rates regardless of their age. No matter how expensive your tastes, there’s a limit to how much you can consume, which means any income above that threshold has to get saved. The ultra-rich therefore spend relatively small shares of their income on goods and services that directly provide jobs and incomes to others, instead accumulating stocks, bonds, art, trophy real estate, and other assets.

The ultra-rich need no encouragement to refrain from buying goods and services, so any increase in income concentration should put downward pressure on interest rates. Another way to look at it is that an increase in income concentration boosts the demand for financial assets, which should push up prices and push down yields.

3. Inside Huarong Bailout That Rocked China’s Financial Elite –  John Liu, Rebecca Choong Wilkins, Kevin Kingsbury, and Ye Xie

Huarong was created after the Asian financial crisis of the ’90s to help safeguard Chinese banks. The idea was to have the “bad bank” mop up souring loans that had been made to many state-owned enterprises.

Then its longtime chairman, Lai Xiaomin, began borrowing heavily to expand into all sorts of business. Known as the God of Wealth, Lai was later swept up in a corruption scandal and then executed this past January, just as the problems at Huarong were gaining attention around the financial world.

By June, no one was under any illusions: Huarong needed help. But inside the company’s Beijing headquarters, employees were shocked by the mere suggestion that the once mighty Huarong might become just another subsidiary of some other SOE. Huarong’s decades-long ties to the Ministry of Finance conveyed status and prestige – and suggested a level of government support that, in better times, had meant cheap borrowing costs. Huarong executives were counting on some sort of government help but never dreamed their prized link to the finance ministry might be severed, according to people familiar with the matter.

And yet various regulators, driven by individual interests, couldn’t agree on who should assume responsibility for Huarong – or, more urgently, who would have to pay for it, according to people familiar with the matter. Numbers from offshore subsidiaries and onshore units were tallied again and again. It was clear Huarong had neither the time nor the money to save itself.

Central Huijin Investment Ltd., an arm of China’s sovereign wealth fund, began kicking the tires. But it was hoping the central bank would extend a loan to help finance a deal. The proposal was promptly nixed.

By late June, regulators pulled in Citic. The conglomerate is a ministerial-level financial powerhouse directly overseen by China’s cabinet, with more than $1 trillion of assets.

For nearly two months, a Citic team pored over the books at Huarong’s headquarters. Even at Citic, a Chinese company as connected as they come, the political nature of the task raised eyebrows. Huarong’s finances were so troubled and past dealings so fraught that some members of the Citic team worried they might be blamed for the mess. They wanted assurances that they wouldn’t be held responsible should higher ups take issue with any rescue plan later on, one of the people said.

The numbers, audited by Ernst & Young, were dire. Huarong had lost 102.9 billion yuan ($15.9 billion) in 2020, more than its combined profits since going public in 2015. It wrote off 107.8 billion yuan in bad investments. 

For two weeks, officials resisted signing off on the results out of concern for their own careers. But the clock was ticking: Huarong had to disclose the results, overdue for months, by the end of August or it would be deemed in technical default. The deadline was only weeks away. 

At last, terms were drawn up and the State Council, long silent about Huarong, gave its blessing to a rescue that combines a government bailout with a more market-driven recapitalization. Huarong will get about 50 billion yuan of fresh capital from a group of investors led by Citic, which will assume the Ministry of Finance’s controlling stake, people familiar have said. Huarong is expected to raise 50 billion yuan more by selling non-core financial assets. On August 18, Huarong went public with its huge losses and quickly followed up with news of its rescue.

4. How Coinbase Ventures Became One Of Crypto’s Busiest VCs—Without Any Full-Time Staff – Alex Konrad

Coinbase Ventures has backed more than 150 companies in its three years in existence, with notable companies in its portfolio from all over the crypto ecosystem like the well-funded but regulation-challenged BlockFi, non-fungible token (NFT) marketplace OpenSea, digital collectibles maker Dapper Labs, blockchain startup StarkWare and TaxBit, which recently raised funding for its crypto tax software at a $1.3 billion valuation.

Unlike some other corporate investors, Coinbase’s venture capital investments don’t come from a dedicated fund, but off its balance sheet. The company writes checks of $50,000 to $250,000 in seed rounds and larger, if necessary later on. And with its volume of deals and lack of dedicated staff, Coinbase Ventures prefers to join rounds led by other VC firms and not take board seats…

…Coinbase Ventures got its start in 2018, after Choi joined in March as head of corporate development after eight years spent in that function at LinkedIn. Meeting with cofounder and CEO Brian Armstrong, Choi says she took the job in part due to Coinbase’s willingness to aggressively consider acquisitions while still a private company. “I’m typically very skeptical of corp dev at late-stage startups,” Choi says. “Everybody says they want to do M&A, and they actually don’t—they just think they do.”

By April 2018, Choi had the idea that Coinbase should launch a program to invest in other crypto startups. Such a move wouldn’t necessarily come as a surprise considering that Armstrong’s cofounder, Fred Ehrsam, had left the previous year to cofound a crypto-focused venture capital firm, Paradigm; Coinbase also maintained close relationships with its own investors such as Union Square Ventures and Andreessen Horowitz. But the company didn’t have any venture professionals on staff; it also might face concerns, as a cryptocurrency exchange, of playing favorites with projects it backed.

Approached by Choi, Armstrong’s response was simple, she says: “Write the blog post.” Within 24 hours, Choi had drafted up a mission statement for Coinbase Ventures in such a public-facing format and published it. The company’s venture arm was now announced.

But that doesn’t mean Choi, later promoted to Coinbase’s COO and president, went on a hiring spree. Coinbase employees, many of them not only in corporate development (more mindful of acquisitions or big partnerships) but also in product and its coverage team, among others, communicate via a dedicated Slack channel. “We were, like, we’re just going to wing it with resources that exist today,” Choi says. “And it’s a labor of love. We just work on it nights and weekends.”

While Coinbase often co-invests alongside the VC firm specialists it knows, many of its potential deals come in from its employees’ activity in the broader crypto ecosystem; others are Coinbase employees striking out on their own.“There is some amazing machinery behind the traditional VC ecosystem. Ours is using Google Docs,” says Choi.

5. What’s in your mutual fund? The collapse of Infinity Q is a warning to investors – Gretchen Morgenson

Marshall Glickman is a careful investor who says he works too hard to take chances with his nest egg.

Back in 2016, his research identified the Infinity Q mutual fund as a holding that could do well even if the stock market didn’t. He slowly built up his stake in the fund, watching its performance, and felt comfortable enough to place 30 percent of his substantial savings into the fund.

“I spoke to management multiple times, including people at the fund who told me they had all their net worth in it,” Glickman said. “These guys had an incredible pedigree. This looked like a total A-team.”

Now, Glickman’s investment in the fund is frozen amid questions about how its manager valued a large swath of its assets. Facing a substantial loss, Glickman, owner of an online bookseller in Vermont, is experiencing that bull market rarity — a mutual fund collapse.

The fall of the almost $2 billion Infinity Q Diversified Alpha Fund is a reminder to investors about the risks that can lurk in their holdings and the heavy costs and frustrations that liquidating funds bring. Glickman, for one, is especially upset that the fund’s trustees have set aside $750 million of investors’ money to cover potential costs associated with lawsuits against the fund and its officials.

At least one expert said he is not surprised that the Infinity Q flop involved a portfolio loaded with exotic and hard-to-value investments. In recent years, some mutual funds have increased their stakes in such instruments, posing significant risks to investors. Infinity Q’s holdings included complex bets on interest rates, commodities, currencies and corporate defaults.

“There are few things as important to investors as knowing the value of what they own, and the [Securities and Exchange Commission] has rules designed to ensure that funds accurately reflect the real values of their financial instruments,” said Tyler Gellasch, executive director of Healthy Markets, a nonprofit organization that promotes best practices in capital markets. “Unfortunately, less than a year ago, the SEC fundamentally weakened those rules.”

The rules were changed in the waning weeks of the Trump administration. One let fund managers increase their exposure to the riskier investments favored by Infinity Q, and the other allowed for relaxed oversight of mutual fund boards when valuing those arcane investments.

There is no evidence that the rule changes triggered Infinity Q’s valuation issues.

The Infinity Q mutual fund began operations in 2014, aiming to generate returns that did not move in tandem with the overall stock and bond markets. It had A-list connections: A major investor in the fund’s manager was the family of David Bonderman, the billionaire co-founder of TPG Capital, a mammoth private-equity firm that may soon sell shares to the public for the first time.

The Bonderman ties were a selling point for Infinity Q; a presentation from last September boasted that its investors would gain access to the same “alternative investment strategies originally created” for the prosperous family.

6. Lauren Taylor Wolfe – The Modern Activist Toolkit – Patrick O’Shaughnessy and Lauren Taylor Wolfe

Patrick: [00:06:25] There’s so much to chew on there and a lot to dive into the nuance of what you’re doing. But I think it would be helpful to frame first the contrast between what Impactive aims to do versus, I’ll call it the stereotype of the activist investor, which I view as very adversarial, trying to take control of the direction of a business because you think it’s going the wrong way and change it very aggressively, sometimes removing management, etc. Could you draw a contrast for us between that style, the sort of stereotype, and what you’ll be doing and are doing at Impactive?

Lauren: [00:06:57] It’s such an important question and we’ve thought so long and hard about that question. We spent a year on gardening leave and neither Christian or I garden much. So we thought about how activism has changed, what we learned, and what were the pitfalls that we want to avoid when pursuing a strategy. And the first I would say is there’s was really a focus on short-termism and low-quality businesses. So what we observed just in our returns and studying the returns of other fellow activists were that the majority of the best returns were in higher quality businesses and when there was investing over the long run whereby those businesses can compound on themselves and be enhanced with the activist levers. The old paradigm of activism had investors pursuing change at very low-quality business or low-quality management teams and they were pursuing sort of that short term quick fix or sugar high. And that can work sometimes. You get involved in a company and quickly force them to put themselves up for sale. But ultimately, in the vast majority of times that does not work. And what the activist is left with is a large illiquid stake in a low-quality business where time is not your friend.

That has the effect of diminishing the overall returns of the portfolio. The first thing that we are evaluating when we look at any new business is we ask ourselves the four key questions. They’re around quality, valuation, time, and activism. The most important thing is that we’re backing a high-quality business where time is our friend. Those are two key distinctive changes that we make. There are a couple of other things that we learned, sort of pitfalls that we felt some activists fall into that we wanted to either avoid or really just sort of flip the approach in its head. And I think the first is having an approach of humility. It is extremely important at Impactive that we lead with the fact and the substance underlying our ideas. We try to make them as indisputable as possible. But when we engage with management teams and boards, we’re doing so with almost a private equity mentality, looking to form a partnership with those teams. And we orient our ideas really around long term sustainable value.

We try to tell CEOs we’re standing shoulder to shoulder alongside you, looking out into the horizon and thinking about how can we make your business worth 2-3x over, call it a three to four or five year period. And that is really important. In the past there were some very hostile activists that would do ton a work but not engage with the management team, write a big whitepaper, show up with a large stake and slap the whitepaper on the internet or across the table to the management team and a board, having had no engagement prior to that. Our view is that if you simply lead with engagement and share the facts and the substance and the data underlying your position, you’ll just come out with better outcomes. And also on this note, there’s been a ton of research done. I think it’s Lucian Bebchuk at Harvard did a study way back that demonstrated that almost all activist situations wind up ending up in a settlement around two years out. So why wouldn’t investors and management frankly want to avoid two years of battling and the expensive cost of proxy fights and not to mention the distraction that management has away from the business?

And then, one last thing that I think is really unique to our culture that we’re building is our approach to compensation. Many other firms or hedge funds what we see is there’s almost a PM and analyst relationship or a relationship where an individual is compensated just on his or her ideas. There’s this sort of jump ball mentality. What that leads to is a lot of politicking, a lot of competition for capital, and it also compromises returns. So at Impactive we’ve designed a compensation structure where the entire team is compensated on the overall profitability of the firm. And we believe that that leads to really a “one firm mentality” of everyone swimming in the same boat…

…Patrick: [00:29:55] I’d love to turn to the E and the S now. These are, again, two tools that have drastically risen in prominence in the last two years or so. And I’d love to hear from someone that does this hands on, not necessarily screening quantitatively for good E and S practices inside of a business, but actually trying to affect change, how you think about these as useful in a way that doesn’t just do good but also does right by the shareholders long term?

Lauren: [00:30:21] When you take a big step back, ESG improvement is about making companies more competitive in the long run. So we talk about the “impact flywheel” of stakeholder primacy ultimately leading back to greater shareholder returns in the long run. And when we come to a board with an idea around environmental, social or governance change, it is always linked to a business case which is linked to profitability. So we ask ourselves two things when we’re trying to propose and advocate ESG change. If you imagine a Venn diagram, in one circle there’s all the ESG change and company can pursue and the other circle is all the NPV positive projects a company can pursue. We only operate where those two circles overlap. And within those two circles there are usually two key questions that are answered. One, is this material to the business? So is this environmental, social, or governance angle very material to what this business actually pursues strategically? And two, will this change drive profitability and value over the long run? And the reason for that is that boards have been skeptical of ESG and they should be skeptical of ESG, and so to encourage boards and management teams to pursue this change in sustainable way, excuse the pun, you have to link it to a business case.

That’s the baseline and the premise from which we’re starting. When you think about ESG and the stakeholder when I talk about the impact flywheel and the key stakeholders, there are really three key stakeholders and constituents that we focus on. Your employees, your customers, and your shareholders. Improved ESG ultimately allows companies to attract and retain stickier customers, stickier employees, and stickier shareholders. Doing this ultimately lowers the customer acquisition costs, it lowers human capital costs, and it lowers the overall financial cost of capital. These are all structural competitive advantages. So by pursuing this ESG flywheel, we’re ultimately urging companies to become more competitive, which will then make them more profitable and make them more valuable over the long run. These are longer term changes in nature. Our view is that when we think about our vision, I’ll take a giant leap up, and over a 10 or 20 year period our vision is that, not only have we changed one company to make it the most sustainable in its industry, but if it is the most competitive and the most profitable and the most valuable, all their other competitors will have to follow suit. So not only have we changed one company, we’ve effectively changed an industry. So that’s the longer-term vision…

…Patrick: [00:32:56] I’d love to hear a bit about how this actually works in an example. I mean, it sounds sort of obvious when you put it that way, but also very hard work that takes time. And so I’d love to hear maybe one of your favorite examples from the portfolio or from a company you’ve observed just to put some real context around what these changes look like inside of a company. So I wonder if there’s an example that you’d be willing to share, whether early or deep into the process.

Lauren: [00:33:22] One of my favorite examples is one of our largest positions is in auto dealer Asbury Automotive. I don’t know if I spoke yet about it, but the three buckets that we look at with companies are companies that are undergoing a business model transition to have more predictable revenue stream, sum of the parts opportunities, and businesses that are just misunderstood. This one falls into the business model has changed and it’s not being appreciated by the public markets. 10 years or 15 years ago auto dealers, very cyclical, new car sales drove a substantial amount of their profitability. Fast forward to today and it’s become more of a razor-razorblade model and the parts and services segment of the business drives two thirds of the profitability of the business.

Now, throughout auto dealers in the US and collision centers in the US, they’re operating at about 50% utilization and it’s because there’s a huge industry-wide labor shortage around mechanics. Curious about that, we engaged with management and we sort of peeled back the onion and what we learned was that there was one key candidate pool that was being completely overlooked in the auto technician field and that was women. Women were only 2% of mechanics but there was a big interest and a growing interest from women who were interested in becoming mechanics. So when you look at the auto services field also women dominate financially. They spend $200 billion annually on parts and services and automobiles. Engaged with the company to think about how can we target your utilization issue in parts and services, which by the way is the most profitable business … It has 26% EBITDA margins, which is much higher than the rest of the business. It has highest return on incremental invested capital. How can we drive more business and utilization by attracting and retaining more women?

So they went through and exercise and they’re the first publicly listed auto dealer to offer paid maternity leave. They’re going to a four-day work week or dual-shift workday so that this important because it allows individuals to offer childcare or eldercare, these two things fall disproportionately on the shoulders of women. They’re likely adding changing rooms for women to change in, for female mechanics to change in. And they’re engaging with other notable professional mechanics who happen to be female who know how to start workshops and attract and retain more women to the space. We know from just the macro perspective is women participate in the labor force in a greater rate, productivity improves, output improves, growth improves. And we’ve seen that for instance in construction and in healthcare. So that’s an example where diversity and inclusion, which is so important, can drive substantial return.

If they can attract and retain more mechanics and more women, and they take their utilization from 50% to 55%, that’s about a 15% uplift for their overall enterprise value. So the way that we convinced this management team to really take this seriously I think was to show them the numbers and the business case around getting their labor force retention improved and getting access to a new labor pool which would take up their utilization rates.

Another area is really thinking about how to make companies more green. So we worked with Wyndham, which is our hotel company to make their offering at their hotels more green and environmentally friendly and have their franchisees really outlay capital which had immediate paybacks for the purposes of pursuing a win-win for both them, their immediate customers, the franchisees, and then the end user guests who prefer to stay at hotels that have green offerings. That is one where Wyndham could flex its muscle representing 9,000 hotels globally to get preferred pricing on things like motion sensor detectors and smart HVAC systems, which have one year paybacks that ultimately drive margin for the franchisees who are generating a higher cash on cash return that will allow Wyndham to attract more franchisees to their overall segment of hotels, their overall brand umbrella, as opposed to their competitors. And it also makes the franchisee better off because they have a higher margin rate and they’re also attracting more customers because consumer tastes and preferences have changed and people care about green programs.

7. The Tim Ferriss Show Transcripts: Vitalik Buterin, Creator of Ethereum, on Understanding Ethereum, ETH vs. BTC, ETH2, Scaling Plans and Timelines, NFTs, Future Considerations, Life Extension, and More (Featuring Naval Ravikant) (#504) – Tim Ferriss, Naval Ravikant, Vitalik Buterin

Naval Ravikant: So once you’re up to speed on that, this one will make a lot more sense, but we’re going to get right into, not what is crypto or what is Bitcoin, we’re going to get into what is Ethereum. So, how do you describe it today, Vitalik?

Vitalik Buterin: Sure. So the one-sentence explanation of Ethereum that I sometimes give is it’s a general-purpose blockchain. So this, of course, makes more sense if you already know what a blockchain is. Right? It’s this decentralized network of many different computers that are together maintaining this kind of ledger or let’s say database together. And different participants have very particular ways of plugging into that. They can sense transactions that do very particular things, but no one can tamper with the system in a way that’s outside of the rules.

And Ethereum expands on the Bitcoin approach, basically saying, well, instead of having rules that are designed around supporting one application, we’re going to make something more general purpose where people can just build their own applications and the rules for whatever applications they built can be executed, implemented on the Ethereum platform.

So one explanation that I heard one person give is that Bitcoin is like a spreadsheet where everyone only controls their own five squares of the spreadsheet, but Ethereum is a spreadsheet with macros. So everyone controls their own accounts, which is their own little piece of this universe, but then these pieces of the universe can have code and they can interact with each other, according to pre-programmed rules. And you can build a lot of things on top of that like Bitcoin builds a monetary system on top, famously Ethereum can build decentralized domain name systems, again, various decentralized financial contraptions, prediction markets, non fungible tokens, and all different schemes that people have been coming up with.

The limit for what you build is basically your own creativity, but the core difference between building an application on Ethereum versus building it on some traditional centralized platform is this core idea that once you build your application, the application does not need to depend on you or any other single person for its continued existence. And the application is guaranteed to continue running according to the rules that were specified and you do not have any ability to irregularly go in and tamper with it.

Naval Ravikant: That’s a great overview. And I liked that Excel analogy of it’s a spreadsheet with macros instead of a spreadsheet where you control your own cells. I’ll also try and articulate in a few ways that I understand it, around the edges, because I think Ethereum is one of those things that’s now quite a bit bigger than you. It probably has evolved in ways that even you didn’t fully anticipate. So in some sense, we’re discovering Ethereum and no longer just building it.

I also like to think of it as an unstoppable application platform. So a platform for building unstoppable applications, like a world computer where let’s say that we want to run very, very important computer programs where we don’t trust the computer itself and we don’t trust the other people to execute code on our behalf. Then we create a single world computer where we check the code on the machines of many, many different people all around the world who are properly incentivized to maintain a single computing state.

So if Bitcoin is a shared ledger, then Ethereum is a shared computer for the entire world to run its most important applications. So some of the applications that people are building on it are among possibly the most important applications of the future. So let’s talk a little bit about those applications, about what this trustless world computer is doing. What are the applications today that are the most common and that you’re most excited about?

Vitalik Buterin: So, first of all, I think ETH, the asset, is a cryptocurrency and in itself is an application and the first application of Ethereum. Going beyond financial things a bit, I mentioned ENS, the Ethereum Name System. So ENS, you can think of it as a decentralized name system. For example, when you go to ethereum.org, there is DNS, Domain Name System which has this big table that maintains this mapping of, well, if a person enters, if you’re on .com the server, they actually have to talk to it, to talk to the website like some particular IP address. And this DNS system that maintains this public relationship is a fairly centralized system with a very small number of servers running it. So ENS is a fully decentralized alternative that is running on the Ethereum blockchain.

And you could use it not just for websites, right? Like you can use it just for accounts. So for example, there was a messaging service called Status. In terms of what it feels like to use it, it’s a messenger, it’s similar to Telegram or Signal or WhatsApp or any of those, but the difference is that it is decentralized. And so there is no dependence on any single server or like there’s still a dependence on Status, the company, which is nice because it makes the whole thing much more censorship-resistant. It makes the whole thing just a much more guaranteed to survive regardless of what forces wish for its existence or wish against its existence in the future. And the like ENS, this is really an important part of it because, well, if you have a chat application, I need to have sub name by which I can refer to — like the users that I want to talk to. Right?

Like I wanted, so I could type in and say, I wanted to talk to the Naval and things like Telegram and Signal and WhatsApp, that mapping is generally like basically authenticated and controlled by a server. But whereas in Status, it’s all just done by the Ethereum blockchain. Right. So, that is one good example. I think of it like not financial, but still very important if you’re in an application. Now going beyond those two cases, there is a lot of more complicated things. So there is the DeFi, decentralized finance space, which is this big category that has all sorts of interesting contraptions in it. So for example, there is a prediction market. So a platform for where you can go in bet on different outcomes like who is going to win some sports game or who is going to win some particular election.

And there have been very successful prediction markets running on the Ethereum blockchain. There’s just the markets for trading between different kinds of assets. There’s what’s called synthetic assets. So, if you want to have access to some mainstream real-world asset like it’s all, or it could be one example, but you don’t have to tell us. There’s lots of other examples as well. There are versions of this that are purely virtual sort of simulated versions that exist purely within the Ethereum environments. So now there’s this entire kind of a very powerful financial tool kit that exists within the Ethereum ecosystem. On the whole, there’s just a lot of these interesting things that happen. I mean, there’s even games that are based on Ethereum. There’s a whole bunch of different things.

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Do subscribe for our weekly updates through the orange box in the blog (it’s on the side if you’re using a computer, and all the way at the bottom if you’re using mobile) – it’s free!

But since our readership-audience for The Good Investors is wider than our subscriber base, we think sharing the reading list regularly on the blog itself can benefit even more people. The articles we share touch on a wide range of topics, including investing, business, and the world in general.

Here are the articles for the week ending 05 September 2021:

1. Jude Blanchette on the Enduring Intellectual Puzzle of China – James Chater and Jude Blanchette

You wrote recently in Foreign Affairs about Xi’s “gamble” over the next 10 to 15 years. It was an interesting title because I don’t think the word “gamble” then appeared in the body of the text. What is Xi’s “gamble” and how does it relate to the central tensions facing China in the next 10 to 15 years you just alluded to?

If I had editorial control over the headline, I would have likely titled it: what’s driving Xi’s sense of urgency? For me, standard explanations for the Xi administration’s behavior over the past several years had fallen short in a way that was meaningful enough to bite into. Discussions about rejuvenation, or 2049, are far too abstract to be functionally meaningful in terms of how senior officials actually plan. I imagine that the idea of “rejuvenation” is about as operative in current Chinese planning as the idea of “liberty” is in terms of how the Department of Defense or White House thinks about U.S. global strategy. There may be an ideological component to articulating a set of overall values, but it won’t have much purchase in day-to-day government planning meetings or strategy sessions.

So, if I don’t think that’s really what’s driving them, then what is? And I became interested in this year 2035, which we saw as central to a proliferating number of planning and policy documents. That felt to me like a framework which authoritarian political systems, such as the one that Xi is leading, might be able to orient towards, because it’s really talking about the next 10 to 15 years, a timeline within which Xi Jinping will likely be alive and maybe still even in power. That was combined with seeing that when you start thinking about this next 10 years, first of all, a number of the long-standing challenges that China has been able to can-kick, mitigate or constrain through rapid economic growth — debt, demographics and declining productivity — are now going to come to bite in a way that they haven’t yet; and that the international environment is clearly undergoing an important shift that will constrain the development space that China has had.

With, admittedly, a little bit of analytical imagination, I then began to think this makes sense, or this explains better the drive and urgency behind the Xi administration; there’s a window of important opportunities to gain an edge in areas that the United States is either immature or distracted. But this is also a critical window for finally making headway on solving some of the challenges that previous leaders felt like they had more time on. That element of time had, to me, been missing from a lot of the strategic discussion about China; it had been more about goals. But goals absent of time are just meaningless concepts… 

…Going back to 2012-2013, do you have any sense of how this process of centralization was achieved? And from that, just how sui generis is what we have now? Who are those key stakeholders within elite politics now and are they different from the pre-Xi era?

The two dominant explanations for how Xi became so powerful, so quickly are mandate and mendacity. Mandate is the argument that if you look at where the party was by 2012, you had an almost untenable number of problems within the bureaucratic system and organizational structure. And then, throughout Chinese society, there was growing distrust [of the CCP], the role of technological tools like Weibo to foment and transmit dissent and dissatisfaction, corruption within the party, Bo Xilai, the Arab Spring, color revolutions, you name it. Xi Jinping was handed a mandate by senior leaders and retired leaders to essentially rectify the system. That gave breathing room for Xi to move in a way that Hu Jintao did not have when he could feel the breath of Jiang Zemin on the back of his neck.

The other argument is mendacity, namely, Xi Jinping leveraged that sense of crisis within the system, and moved to weaponize institutions like the CCDI [Central Commission for Discipline Inspection] to essentially asymmetrically grab power and move an agenda in a way that no-one was predicting. A combination of the two makes sense to me, insofar as he clearly had the mandate which he then pushed farther than the status quo expected. And once he had essentially figured out some of the effective tools, then began the centralization that we see today.

The reason I think the mandate explanation is insufficient is if it had been known how far Xi Jinping was going to push, then, of course, individuals like Xu Caihou and Zhou Yongkang, would never have accepted the mandate and would have raised holy hell at the beginning. You had a whole senior and sub-elite tier of the party who had their iron rice bowls smashed by Xi. And as far as we can tell, they didn’t have much by way of warning that they were targets, because if they had, you can imagine that the pushback would have been more visible and fierce than it was. 

So, it’s some combination of, never let a crisis go to waste, combined with Xi being a much more effective bureaucratic actor and far more Machiavellian once ensconced in power. This, then also transcending the mandate by a fair degree makes more sense to me as an explainer than either one of the extremes of, “Oh, it was mandate” or “Oh, it was mendacity.” Both of those have shortcomings…

…What are the long-term ramifications of this coalescing of power around Xi? What happens after Xi?

You can think about the change that China underwent after the death of Mao, which I think surprised almost everyone in how quickly — within a matter of four years or so — it moved towards official normalization of relations with the U.S., and the beginning of this extraordinary campaign of economic reform. So that’s always possible. But I think it depends on the circumstances in which whoever inherits the mantle from Xi assumes that power. On the one hand, you can imagine a leader now assuming power that no previous Chinese leaders had, because Xi Jinping has redefined what the position of the General Secretary is in China, in a way that has returned to the level of authority that it hasn’t had since Mao.

On the other hand, Mao was a singular leader who was not commanding a very strong bureaucracy. Xi has centralized power and personalized power, but at the same time, tried to reforge the Leninist organizational integrity of the Communist Party. That combination of a supremely powerful general secretary and a now far more organized Leninist party bureaucracy is a combination I don’t think we’ve seen yet in CCP history. How does a future General Secretary wield that power?

2. How Pinterest Learned to Control Cloud Costs – Kevin McLaughlin and Jeremy King 

The Information: There’s a debate going on in the enterprise tech industry about whether using cloud providers remains cost effective after a company reaches a certain scale, and whether it’s better to repatriate certain computing jobs to private data centers. Where do you stand on that?

King: The biggest barrier [is that] the switching costs are so high that it’s almost better to stay where you are if you have the ability to do it. The challenge that many companies have when they’re running their own clouds internally [is that] they haven’t invested in the ability to get the pricing [for servers and other hardware] that they need.

You need to build your own hardware, you need to be able to cycle and life-cycle your products, [and] you need to have a [platform as a service] layer that orchestrates the utilization of those resources, like you can with a cloud provider. Otherwise, you’re never going to get to the point where you’re cheaper than the cloud.

But [there are] companies that have built their own data centers—like Twitter and eBay—that have awesome teams focused on the infrastructure side. For them, switching to cloud is almost as painful as somebody going from cloud back to [private data centers]. [Editor’s note: Twitter has evolved its approach in recent years, striking deals with Google Cloud and AWS to offload more of its computing tasks to the cloud.]

I would have to build a dedicated team with a minimum of 100 people to be able to build that technology stack for us. We’re talking about a million-plus [processor] cores that run Pinterest. Just building those data centers alone and dealing with [multiple] regions, this is complicated stuff. So we’re going to stay in the cloud for the foreseeable future.

Our cloud bill is huge when you look at it. You can imagine it’s several hundred million [dollars] a year. So at some point [you start thinking,] “Hey, could I save money on these dollar amounts?” and that would be something we’d have to look into. But it’ll be several years before we even consider that.

In 2019 we reported that several top AWS customers were seeing higher-than-expected cloud bills, and Pinterest was one of the companies we mentioned. How are things today? Has Pinterest got a better handle on forecasting its capacity needs in advance?

Yeah, we have a wonderful team on this. In order to go to the cloud, there’s two things you need to worry about. Number one, you need to have a finance partner that isn’t as deep into…the way you utilize the cloud provider as the engineering teams [are]. Because you really can make big mistakes in how you utilize capabilities of the cloud that aren’t part of a discount that you’ve gotten and that sort of thing. So you really have to have a great finance partner.

Oftentimes, when people talk about the problems they’re having with cloud bills, their production environments are usually pretty well managed and they’re keeping a good eye on it. But they usually lose control over [software development and testing]. What happens is an engineer will spin up an environment, or a set of environments, and run a machine-learning program for five days, and then they’ll get the bill and go, “Oh my god, that cost $100,000 to run.”

So you really need to build some discipline internally as well that most companies don’t currently have.

3. Gabby Dizon – Mapping the Metaverse Economy – Patrick O’Shaughnessy and Gabby Dizon

Patrick: [00:03:34] We just met a few days ago, but I’ve been so damn excited for this conversation because I think you’re building one of the more interesting and different businesses in the world right now. You’re in Manila. I’m in New York. That’s the nature of things these days. I absolutely love it. Maybe just since a lot of people won’t be familiar with Yield Guild Games, you could just give an overview of what the company does today before we retrace your steps and the company’s steps back in time. I think that’s a good place to begin.

Gabby: [00:04:00] Yield Guild Games is what we call a play-to-earn gaming guild. In a way I call it similar to a world of Warcraft Guild with a balance sheet. So we were a group of gamers or set up as a bow or the central autonomous organization, and we invest in assets in different blockchain games. So Axie Infinity is the main one that we are playing in. We buy these Axies. These NFTs are used inside the games to earn some form of yield. So in this case, it’s SLP tokens. These are used by players to earn an income.

Patrick: [00:04:30] I think we need to talk about play-to-earn in some detail upfront because without that foundation, it’s going to be hard for people to follow what the hell an SLP is and why anyone cares. I’ve heard you talk elsewhere about how there’s sort of like a westward expansion happening in the digital world right now. Maybe it’s a gold rush. Maybe it’s a land grab. And there’s a lot of terms from like early physical exploration and settling that we could use in this discussion, but just talk us through what play-to-earn means, how it relates to this fun concept of the metaverse and digital assets. Give us a primer on this concept.

Gabby: [00:05:04] I guess we have to start with blockchain games, these games where some of the assets are NFTs. And because these are NFTs that earn the blockchains such as Ethereum, then the players on these assets, it’s not owned by the game anymore. And when you play these blockchain games, it reads your wallet to see what the NFTs you own and then it represents them in the game. So that’s kind of the basic layer.

And then play-to-earn is kind of a step beyond that where you are using these assets that you own to earn some kind of token reward. So for example, in Axie if I have three Axies in my wallet, I play a match inside the game and I win, I earn an SLP token and this SLP token is something that I can sync into my wallet as a token and then I can interact the DeFi world, turn it into Ether, for example, or turn it into fiat money, into dollars or Philippine Pesos, and I can go get spend up money. So in effect, I am using these games to play and then earn money so that I can then cash out in the real world.

Patrick: [00:06:08] I think we could talk about this concept of assets, because again, for some people that don’t play these games or are not spending all their time thinking about crypto or blockchain, it’s really important to understand the categories that these things might be in. What are the major ones? People probably have heard of like cosmetic purchases, cool skin in Fortnite or something. How would you categorize the major kinds of assets that exist today and may exist in the near term future?

Gabby: [00:06:32] NFTs can be generally unique assets that are inside the games that you’re playing. So they can be skins, they can be items, for example, like arm or swords. They can be unique characters inside the game. In the case of Axie, they’re like unique digital pet similar to a Pokemon. So the idea is the game generates unique kinds of assets that can then own by the player as NFTs on a blockchain which they can then own and trade with one another for value in the real world…

…Patrick: [00:12:42] One of the most interesting things that’s happening in your ecosystem as a result of your business specifically is people in the Philippines, I think in Venezuela and some other places like this, all of a sudden earning a lot more money by doing something that there’s demand for, which is whether that’s breeding these things in the game, which are valuable to people and value is value. If people want them and are willing to pay, that’s value. Obviously that can fluctuate. The Axies could tank to $5 from $500, which is something we should talk about, but talk through how this is changing people’s behavior, let’s just say in your native, the Philippines. What kind of change in earnings does it represent for people that are doing this? How many people are doing this? I’m just fascinated by how this is a new kind of job.

Gabby: [00:13:24] Right now, there are over 1 million daily active users in Axie Infinity. Probably somewhere between 40% to 50% of this is in the Philippines. So that represents hundreds of thousands of people who are now basically working in the metaverse. They’re working in Axie Infinity. And the interesting thing about this is that Axie doesn’t care whether you live in the Philippines or in America or in Venezuela. It basically pays you a flat wage depending on how much SLPs you can produce. Now you’re earning based on how good you are in the crypto economy of Axie Infinity and not based on what location you’re in.

What’s happened with the in-game economy so far is that it has produced, I would say like revenue or income opportunity for these players that are multiples of what a typical minimum wage job is in the Philippines. So for example, here in the Philippines, a minimum wage share might be $200. It’s actually a lot lower in Venezuela. I think it’s like $50, and people are earning maybe somewhere between $500 to $1,000 a month playing Axie Infinity. And that’s just really changed a lot of lives where people have had this scale that they didn’t think was worth any money, this gaming scale. A lot of us have gaming scale and we’ve become pretty good at it growing up.

We never really thought it was a scale that could be monetized and now they’re finding out that the scale that they’ve earned in their teenage years that their moms have yelled at them for is actually a skill that can be monetized by playing these play-to-earn games. And the result is astounding of people who are jobless or have held down minimum wage are earning like three, four or five times the amount that they used to.

Patrick: [00:15:04] I think that this is a topic in our conversation that we need to linger on because I want to understand how this might look five years from now in good and bad ways. So, first of all, who can argue with the fact that people that were making $200 are now making $1,000 and at scale like you mentioned? That maybe a hundred thousand or more people in the Philippines whose lives have changed as a result of this. I want to understand what drives the durability of that opportunity. So in crypto, as everyone knows that’s listening, there’s a lot of volatility. Assets go very high, then they can crash very low. This happens over and over again. If let’s just say an Axie goes from being worth, a team of Axies goes from being worth $1,000 to being worth $10, what happens? Do other games spring up? What are the risks to the pool of demand that creates these jobs and the flow of capital that creates these jobs? What are the opportunities? What do you think this looks like in five years?

Gabby: [00:15:57] The way to think of each play-to-earn game is that in a way it’s its own self-contained economy. We even call them like digital nations, which means that people go there to play to work. There must be people who are investing something inside the game economy for people to do some kind of work unit and take something out. So in Axie, it’s breeding that creates these because you need these Axies to come in and create the SLP, but long-term, there needs to be many different reasons why people would put money in the game. For example, are there sponsorships? Are brands willing to put money in the game and maybe sponsor prizes for people to do tournaments? Right now the economy of Axie Infinity is based on new user growth because every new user that comes in has to buy three Axies, which means that the breeders are making money selling Axies to these users coming in.

Of course, at some point we don’t know whether it’s one year, two years, five years, the new user growth will slow down and there needs to be spending like currency users inside the game or external parties such as maybe brands, for example, who would want to advertise or give prizes to the population of the people in that game. So in a way, I even think of each game economy as having its own GDP. So that’s why we talked about settling the metaverse or settling this digital dimensions. In a way, these people are, I may be in the Philippines and then I go to this online game to start working and I’m not in my local economy anymore. I’m now in the economy of this game or virtual world. And I perform actions there that I earn value and then I take that money home, be it SLP or whatever kind of game currency, and then I take it out back as Philippian Pesos.

So it’s actually not that different from a migrant worker from the Philippines that has to go to America or to Europe to earn a higher living wage and then take that money back home, except I’m going to these different video game worlds instead.

4. The Barings collapse 25 years on: What the industry learned after one man broke a bank – Elliot Smith

Exactly 25 years ago, Britain’s oldest investment bank, which listed Queen Elizabeth II among its clients, was declared insolvent.

The collapse of Barings Bank was caused by colossal losses incurred by a single rogue trader.

Nick Leeson, the bank’s then 28-year-old head of derivatives in Singapore, gambled more than $1 billion in unhedged, unauthorized speculative trades, an amount which dwarfed the venerable merchant bank’s cash reserves.

Leeson’s assignment in Singapore was to execute “arbitrage” trade, generating small profits from buying and selling futures contracts on the Japanese Nikkei 225 in both the Osaka Securities Exchange and the Singapore International Monetary Exchange.

However, rather than initiating concurrent trades to capitalize on small differences in pricing between the two markets, he retained the contracts in the hope of creating much larger profits by betting on the rise of the underlying Nikkei index.

He had made vast sums for the bank in previous years, at one stage accounting for 10% of its entire profits, but the downturn in the Japanese market following the Kobe earthquake on January 17, 1995 rapidly unraveled his unhedged positions.

Through manipulating internal accounting systems, Leeson was able to misrepresent his losses and falsify trading records.

This enabled him to keep the bank’s London headquarters, and the financial markets, in the dark until a confession letter to Barings Chairman Peter Baring on February 23, 1995, at which point Leeson fled Singapore and kickstarted an international manhunt. Three days later, Britain’s oldest merchant bank, founded in 1762, ceased to exist.

Leeson was eventually captured and sentenced to six and a half years in jail in Singapore after pleading guilty to two counts of “deceiving the bank’s auditors and of cheating the Singapore exchange.”

One of the most glaring regulatory errors the bank made was having the same man at the helm of both the derivatives trading desk and the clearing, settling and accounting operation.

ACA Compliance Chief Services Officer Carlo di Florio, a former senior executive at both FINRA (Financial Industry Regulatory Authority) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), said this convergence of duties was tantamount having “the fox guarding the hen house.”

5. What It’s Like to Inherit Billions in Your Twenties – Hallam Bullock

At an age when most teenagers are swapping trading cards, Tyler Huang was involved in his father’s bid to buy a British football club. If they wanted to, his family could make a Monopoly board of London, purchasing properties on the roll of a dice. Tyler himself has the means to dine on wagyu for every meal. He is, if it wasn’t already obvious, unbelievably rich…

…Huang, who is now 23, inherited billions earlier this year when his parents died. But if you were to pass him on the street, you’d see a young man indistinguishable from any other, loafing around in his Crocs, head down, texting and tweeting as he walks.

Huang grew up in Knightsbridge, London, overlooking Hyde Park. “I was raised primarily by staff – maids, butlers, nannies,” he says. He spent most of his childhood in an isolated orbit, cushioned from the outside world by private jets, luxury homes and his family’s workforce. “As a kid, I never played with toys much,” he tells me. “Dad collected cars, so I used to spend a lot of my free time taking vintage cars out.”

Huang grew up with not one but two AMEX Centurion cards – one of the most exclusive credit cards in the world: “My mother gave me one for emergencies, and my father gave me another for anything else.”…

…Again, while that might sound like a privilege – and it absolutely is: you have to be massively privileged to even qualify for one – Huang believes that placing the power of unlimited spending in the hands of a teenager ultimately wasn’t the best idea.

“I wish I didn’t grow up with those cards, then I’d be able to understand how to appreciate money and others,” he says, before recalling a phone call he had with his father at the age of 16: “He called me up one morning when I was hungover and we laughed about the money I’d spent over the weekend – I didn’t remember much, but it turns out I got drunk and rented a yacht in Bangkok.” 

Huang doesn’t recall this with a smirk or a sense of satisfaction, but with shame. “You would think, as a kid, never having to look at a price tag would be great – but it’s actually quite scary,” he says. Even as a child, he noticed his homes were surrounded by CCTV and security teams. “I knew what they were for – my parents didn’t like to attract attention, but there was always a sense of danger.” 

For Huang, an attempted kidnapping or burglary was something to be prepared for. His drivers were trained to escape criminals and, if he wanted, his father could arrange an entourage for him to get ice cream. “As a child, it’s terrifying,” he says. “When your father runs background checks on your friends’ families, it’s a reminder of just how different you are.”… 

…Huang feels his mother measured the value of his life primarily by his academic performance. Concerned by her son’s half-hearted approach to his studies, she sent him to a psychiatrist, where he was diagnosed with clinical depression, autism and Asperger’s. Huang says his mother treated the diagnoses like a pick-and-mix, seeing his autism as an indication he was “gifted”, but rejecting the depression as him being “lazy and difficult”…

…When Huang finished school, he began serving in mandatory active duty as a full-time national serviceman in Singapore. However, at the age of 19, doctors found a glioblastoma – a grade 4 brain tumour – in his left frontal lobe, and he was discharged from the military. He was reluctant to tell his friends about his diagnosis, but in the space his silence made, speculation thrived and he was considered a “white horse” – someone who could escape military service through their family connections.

Following his discharge, Huang began showing real promise in the field of architecture. For a while, his mental and physical health problems sank to the bottom of his mind, but before long his depression would again break the surface.

Huang lost his brother to a car accident in 2017, his mother to cancer in 2020 and his father to another car accident in February of this year. Today, his depression is the most violent it has ever been. He has stepped back from his career in architecture, after his health conditions left him unable to work. Huang’s cancer is terminal, but he continues to receive treatment and has outlived his doctor’s five-year estimation from when the tumour was first discovered.

He consumes three pills for breakfast, 12 for lunch and eight for dinner. His other routines are more or less the same every day: when he wakes up, Huang likes to spend as little time as possible at his Singapore apartment. When he’s outside, the hustle and bustle of the street scatters his dark thoughts. It’s for this reason that he likes to spend time in public places. A rooftop bar is one of his favourite daily pilgrimages, where he sits with his laptop, girdled by life and laughter.

One evening, he calls me while he’s there, surrounded by plates of oysters, scallops, champagne bottles and a thinly sliced beef dish that is woven so intricately around itself, it looks at first like a decorative centrepiece for the table. As we speak, the sun is setting over Singapore, and it seems to me like the perfect way to spend an evening.

“It isn’t,” Huang says. “I’m all alone – I always am.”

6. Cancer’s ‘Achilles’ heel’ discovered by scientists – Study Finds

Scientists may be one step closer to defeating cancer after finding what researchers at the University of British Columbia call the disease’s “Achilles’ heel.”

Their study has uncovered a protein that fuels tumors when oxygen levels are low. It enables the cancerous growths to adapt and survive and become more aggressive.

The enzyme, called CAIX (Carbonic Anhydrase IX), helps diseased cells spread to other organs. It could hold the key to new treatments for the deadliest forms of the disease, including breast, pancreatic, lungs, bowel, and prostate cancers.

“Cancer cells depend on the CAIX enzyme to survive, which ultimately makes it their ‘Achilles heel.’ By inhibiting its activity, we can effectively stop the cells from growing,” says study senior author Professor Shoukat Dedhar in a university release.

The findings, published in the journal Science Advances, will help researchers develop drugs that destroy solid tumors. These are the most common types that arise in the body. They rely on blood supply to deliver oxygen and nutrients which help tumors grow.

As the tumors advance, the blood vessels are unable to provide enough oxygen to every part. Over time, the low-oxygen environment leads to a buildup of acid inside the cells. They overcome the stress by unleashing proteins, or enzymes, that neutralize the acidic conditions.

This process is behind the spread, or metastasis, of cancer cells to other organs — which is what can kill patients. Finding a way to prevent cancer from metastasizing is the “Holy Grail” of cancer research. One of the enzymes which appears to do this is CAIX.

The Canadian team previously identified a unique compound known as SLC-0111 as a powerful inhibitor. It is currently being tested in clinical trials. Experiments in mice with breast, pancreatic, and brain cancers revealed its effectiveness.

7. How Learning Happens – David Perrell

Enjoyable learning begins with inspiration—both to get you started and to help you push through the struggles of knowledge acquisition. The way I see it, the need for inspiration inverts the learning process: instead of starting with the building blocks and moving toward curiosity, students start with curiosity and move towards the building blocks. Guided by the light of inspiration, the benefits of memorization become self-evident, and the motivation to learn comes intrinsically.

My teachers didn’t give inspiration the respect it deserves. Too often, they dove straight into the test material before they sparked a flame of desire in us. I still remember learning about the Doppler effect because my junior year astrophysics teacher taught it so well…

…Instead, he started by making the subject come alive.

First, he gave us context: how the Doppler effect shows up in our lives. You experience it whenever an ambulance passes by, he said. Because of the Doppler effect, the sirens have a higher pitch when they’re coming towards you and a lower one as they drive away. The change in pitch reflects the change in wavelength created by the siren. He didn’t stop there. He told us how astrophysicists use this formula to measure how fast the universe is expanding. Together, these stories are so deeply embedded in my mind that I still think of them a decade later whenever I hear an ambulance pass by.

Inspiration is a uniquely human experience because it isn’t motivated by mere survival. It transcends the world of needs and lives in the world of wants. By doing so, inspiration stirs the mind. It’s no coincidence that the etymology of inspire is linked to “the breath of life.” As the sparkle of inspiration enters our bodies, we are animated with a video game style turbo-boost. Though a state of perpetual awe is the natural state for kids (which is why they learn so fast), it’s foreign to most adults. Too often, the wrinkles of age and the weight of responsibility silence the rush of epiphany.

Blinded by age, we can turn to cold rationality, valuing only what we can define and prioritize only what we can measure. When we do, we forget that the wisdom of an inspired spirit exceeds our ability to describe it. The less we insist on a justification for our curiosities, the more we can surrender to the engine of inspiration and let learning happen…

…Since the school system operates at scale, it tends to squash things that are hard to predict, even if they reflect a student’s unique interest. For an in-person curriculum to scale, students need to be doing the same thing at the same time. The individual nature of inspiration makes that impossible.

Inspiration is also hard to define. Even the most inspired people can’t always define the edges of their own interests—let alone explain them to others. Furthermore, we change. Surprise is in the nature of growth. But by insisting on such a structured approach, schools squash the ambitions of the very students they intend to serve. Ultimately, the kind of rigidity you need to pump millions of students through the school system every year is the antithesis of the kind of flexibility that nurtures inspiration.

Most of all, schools should embrace entertainment because it lets you scale inspiration. Since entertainment means something different to every person, let’s start with a definition: to engage a person’s attention in a way that makes the time pass pleasantly.

Entertainment is not amusement. Entertainment can be nutritious, but amusement never is. Amusement is defined by distraction. Like candy, it’s appealing in the short-term but has few long-term benefits. Usually, when educators criticize entertainment, they’re actually talking about amusement. Though the distinction is subtle, it’s the difference between an educated citizenry and the dystopia of Huxley’s Brave New World.

Historically, educators have run away from entertainment because they assume it will lead to amusement. Throughout my childhood, I sensed an implicit assumption that learning needed to be boring in order for it to be effective. Take the assumption to its logical extreme and teachers face a dilemma of either locking students in a room and force-feeding them knowledge or letting them enjoy themselves, knowing they won’t learn anything.

If there’s anything I’ve learned by writing on the Internet, it’s that small tweaks in the way an idea is packaged can have an exponential impact on how much it resonates. The Greeks knew this intuitively. They wrapped their most important ideas in narratives instead of sharing them outright. Plays like The Iliad and The Odyssey weren’t just a form of entertainment. They provided cultural instruction too. Since they were passed along in speech instead of writing, they had to be memorized and known by heart. 

Today, masters of storytelling come from Hollywood and, increasingly, YouTube. They use many of the same tools that the Greeks discovered. Their storytelling philosophy is among the most effective tools we’ve invented for inspiring people at scale, which is why a popular documentary will spark more interest in a subject than the best textbooks ever will. Hollywood techniques aren’t going to make anybody an expert in their subject, but they can kindle the flame of curiosity.

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Disclaimer: The Good Investors is the personal investing blog of two simple guys who are passionate about educating Singaporeans about stock market investing. By using this Site, you specifically agree that none of the information provided constitutes financial, investment, or other professional advice. It is only intended to provide education. Speak with a professional before making important decisions about your money, your professional life, or even your personal life. Of all the companies mentioned, we currently have a vested interest in Alphabet (parent of Google Cloud) and Amazon (parent of AWS). Holdings are subject to change at any time.